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- Donatelle, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Incentives in smoking cessation: status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-2203. ; 6 Suppl 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the rationale and empirical evidence for the use of incentive and contingency management strategies for smoking cessation. Plausible theoretical rationales exist for the application of these strategies to smoking cessation, and a great deal of research with illicit drug users in laboratory or controlled treatment settings suggests such strategies can be effective. Contingency management methods have been effective in modifying smoking behavior in volunteers not seeking cessation assistance in highly controlled settings. Incentives have been used primarily as a component of worksite interventions, in community-wide quit-and-win programs, in quasiexperimental and experimental trials, and more recently with low-income pregnant women. Worksite studies have rarely been designed to isolate the impact of incentives. Nevertheless, they appear to be useful in these settings especially in increasing participation and increasing awareness about the deleterious effects of smoking. Quit-and-win programs are used widely in the United States and internationally and appear to attract many participants and produce modest quit rates. The quality of the evaluations of quit-and-win programs varies considerably, and none has employed rigorous control or comparison groups to sufficiently identify the effect of incentives. Recent controlled studies have yielded promising results with pregnant smokers, and larger trials are in progress. We discuss key methodological issues in mounting and evaluating incentive interventions, particularly during pregnancy, and discuss the practical and ethical issues arising from the use of incentives.
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- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of smoking reduction and cessation on cardiovascular risk factors.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1462-2203. ; 3:3, s. 249-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This open study examined the effect of smoking reduction and smoking cessation on established cardiovascular risk factors. Fifty-eight healthy adult smokers (smoking >or=15 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years) were provided with nicotine nasal spray (to be used ad libitum) and asked to stop smoking. The primary goal during the first 8 weeks, however, was to reduce their daily smoking by at least 50%. Subjects were then followed for another 8 weeks; at this point, 33 participants had successfully stopped smoking. Cardiovascular risk factors including fibrinogen, hemoglobin, hematocrit, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured at baseline and at 9 and 17 weeks. After 8 weeks of smoking reduction, the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day had decreased from 21.5 +/- 0.6 (baseline) to 10.8 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.001). This was accompanied by significant improvements in fibrinogen (from 2.9 +/- 0.1 g/l at baseline to 2.6 +/- 0.1 g/l, p = 0.011), white blood cells (from 7.0 +/- 0.4 to 6.2 +/- 0.3 x 10(9)/l, p = 0.005) and the high-density/low-density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) ratio (0.33 +/- 0.03 to 0.37 +/- 0.03, p < 0.005). Following 8 weeks of abstinence from smoking, the mean white blood cell count was further reduced (to 6.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(9)/l, p = 0.026 vs. baseline) and there were also significant improvements in HDL (from 1.16 +/- 0.06 mmol/l at baseline to 1.32 +/- 0.06, p < 0.001) and LDL (from 3.78 +/- 0.16 mmol/l at baseline to 3.52 +/- 0.17, p = 0.015). In conclusion, 8 weeks of smoking reduction resulted in clinically significant improvements in established cardiovascular risk factors. These improvements were even greater after an additional period of abstinence from smoking.
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- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of smoking on endothelial vasodilatory function evaluated by local infusion of metacholine in the forearm is dependent on the duration of smoking
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nicotine & tobacco research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-2203 .- 1469-994X. ; 5:1, s. 125-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the study was to evaluate if endothelial vasodilatory function in the human forearm is impaired by regular cigarette smoking. The setting was a tertiary university hospital. Subjects were 56 apparently healthy subjects from a population screening (mean age 50) and 52 young healthy volunteers (mean age 25) who were investigated regarding endothelial-dependent (EDV) and endothelial-independent vasodilation (EIDV) by means of local infusion of metacholine (MCh; 2 and 4 mg/min) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 5 and 10 mg/min) in the forearm. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. The MCh to SNP FBF ratio was denoted the endothelial function index. In the young subjects, no differences between smokers (n = 12) and non-smokers regarding EDV or EIDV were seen. In the population sample, however, the smokers (n = 8) showed an attenuated endothelial function index when compared with non-smokers (1.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3, p = .02). The EDV showed a significant inverse relationship to the duration of smoking (r = -0.52, p < .05), independent of age, when the smokers in both groups were analyzed together. A similar, although not significant, relation was found between the endothelial function index and the duration of smoking (p = -.44). The present study showed that endothelial vasodilatory function was impaired in middle-aged, but not young, smokers, suggesting that the duration of smoking is of major importance for the deleterious effects of smoking on endothelial vasodilatory function.
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