| 1. |
- Abeler-Dörner, Lucie, et al.
(författare)
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Butyrophilins: an emerging family of immune regulators
- 2012
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 33:1, s. 34-41
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Butyrophilins (Btns) and butyrophilin-like (Btnl) molecules are emerging as novel regulators of immune responses in mice and humans. Several clues point to their probable importance: many of the genes are located within the MHC; they are structurally related to B7-co-stimulatory molecules; they are functionally implicated in T cell inhibition and in the modulation of epithelial cell-T cell interactions; and they are genetically associated with inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, initial immersion into the current literature can uncover confusion over even basic information such as gene names and expression patterns, and seemingly conflicting data regarding the biological activities of different family members. This review addresses each of these issues, concluding with the attractive potential of Btn and Btnl molecules to act as specific attenuators of tissue-associated inflammatory responses.
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| 2. |
- Agace, William, et al.
(författare)
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How vitamin A metabolizing dendritic cells are generated in the gut mucosa.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 33, s. 42-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) represent the major migratory DC population in the intestinal lamina propria and are believed to play an essential role in the initiation and regulation of mucosal adaptive immune responses. Small intestine (SI) CD103(+) DCs have an enhanced capacity to generate the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, a property that underlies their ability to induce the gut homing receptors CC chemokine receptor 9 and α4β7 on responding T and B cells, and enhance forkhead box P3(+) T regulatory and IgA plasma cell differentiation in vitro. In this review, we discuss the environmental signals that appear to promote vitamin A metabolising activity in SI CD103(+) DCs in the steady state and thus which may contribute to driving the unique nature of SI immune responses.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Exley, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants : how do they really work?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 31:3, s. 103-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aluminium adjuvants potentiate the immune response, thereby ensuring the potency and efficacy of typically sparingly available antigen. Their concomitant critical importance in mass vaccination programmes may have prompted recent intense interest in understanding how they work and their safety. Progress in these areas is stymied, however, by a lack of accessible knowledge pertaining to the bioinorganic chemistry of aluminium adjuvants, and, consequently, the inappropriate application and interpretation of experimental models of their mode of action. The objective herein is, therefore, to identify the many ways that aluminium chemistry contributes to the wide and versatile armoury of its adjuvants, such that future research might be guided towards a fuller understanding of their role in human vaccinations.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Can cells and biomaterials in therapeutic medicine be shielded from innate immune recognition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 31:1, s. 32-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomaterials (e.g. polymers, metals, or ceramics), cell and cell cluster (e.g. pancreatic islets) transplantation are beginning to offer novel treatment modalities for some otherwise intractable diseases. The innate immune system is involved in incompatibility reactions that occur when biomaterials or cells are introduced into the blood circulation. In particular, the complement, coagulation and contact systems are involved in the recognition of biomaterials and cells, eliciting activation of platelets and leukocytes. Such treatments are associated with anaphylactoid and thrombotic reactions, inflammation, and rejection of biomaterials and cells, leading to treatment failures and adverse reactions. We discuss here the new technologies that are being developed to shield the biomaterial and cell surfaces from recognition by the innate immune system.
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