| 1. |
- Agace, William
(författare)
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T-cell recruitment to the intestinal mucosa.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; Oct 4., s. 514-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intestinal epithelium and underlying lamina propria contains large numbers of T cells that play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defense against intestinal pathogens. Recent years have seen several significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating T-cell localization to the intestinal mucosa. For instance, we now know that the small intestine 'imprints' gut homing properties on T cells by inducing the expression of specific integrins and chemokine receptors. Further studies have identified distinct subsets of intestinal dendritic cells that use retinoic acid to generate both gut-tropic and regulatory T cells. As our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the generation of gut tropic T-cell populations evolves, the possibility of targeting these processes for mucosal vaccine development and treatment of intestinal immune pathology become more apparent.
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| 2. |
- Borregaard, Niels, et al.
(författare)
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Neutrophil granules: a library of innate immunity proteins
- 2007
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 28:8, s. 340-345
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gene expression profiling has revealed that circulating neutrophils rest between two major bursts of transcriptional and protein synthetic activities. The first occurs in the bone marrow. This equips the neutrophil with stocks of innate defense armory that are packaged into different granule subsets. The second burst occurs when the neutrophil exits circulation and migrates into tissues to find, capture and phagocytose microorganisms. This burst results in the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that support resolution of inflammation and healing of damaged tissue. Gene expression profiling has revealed that neutrophils express a variety of innate immunity proteins, known previously only to be expressed in other cells. Likewise, it has become clear that some proteins previously thought to be specific to the neutrophil are expressed in epithelial cells during inflammation.
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| 3. |
- Cerenius, Lage, et al.
(författare)
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The proPO-system : pros and cons for its role in invertebrate immunity
- 2008
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 29:6, s. 263-271
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melanisation is an important immune response in many invertebrates. Recent evidence also strongly implies that the melanisation (prophenoloxidase activating) cascade is intimately associated with the appearance of factors stimulating cellular defence by aiding phagocytosis and encapsulation reactions. However, some controversy exists in the field, and at least in flies and mosquitoes, the successful combat of some pathogens does not seem to be dependent on phenoloxidase activity. This may be because of redundancy among separate immune mechanisms, inappropriate testing, species differences or a combination thereof. Recently, by using RNA interference against phenoloxidase or in specific host-pathogen interactions where the pathogen prevents melanin production by the host, convincing data have confirmed the importance of this cascade in invertebrate innate immunity.
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| 4. |
- Esser, C, et al.
(författare)
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immunity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 30:9, s. 447-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Hultqvist, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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The protective role of ROS in autoimmune disease.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 30, s. 201-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a long time, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) complex have been considered harmful mediators of inflammation owing to their highly reactive nature. However, there are an increasing number of findings suggesting that ROS produced by the NOX2 complex are anti-inflammatory and prevent autoimmune responses, thus challenging existing dogma. ROS might not only be produced as a mechanism to eradicate invading pathogens, but rather as a means by which to fine-tune the inflammatory response, depending on when, where and at what amounts they are produced. In this review, we aim to describe the current findings highlighting ROS as regulators of autoimmune inflammation, focusing on autoimmune arthritis.
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| 6. |
- Kim, MS, et al.
(författare)
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The multiple roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mast cell biology.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 29:10, s. 493-501
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mast cells play a central role in the initiation of inflammatory responses associated with asthma and other allergic disorders. Receptor-mediated mast cell growth, differentiation, homing to their target tissues, survival and activation are all controlled, to varying degrees, by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-driven pathways. It is not fully understood how such diverse responses can be differentially regulated by PI3K. However, recent studies have provided greater insight into the mechanisms that control, and those that are controlled by, different PI3K subunit isoforms in mast cells. In this review, we discuss how PI3K influences the mast cell processes described above. Furthermore, we describe how different mast cell receptors use alternative isoforms of PI3K for these functions and discuss potential downstream targets of these isoforms.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lernmark, A, et al.
(författare)
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Immunomodulation with human recombinant autoantigens
- 2005
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 26:11, s. 608-612
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The loss of beta cells in type 1 diabetes is the consequence of a T cell-dependent autoimmune attack. Autoantibodies against GAD65 (Mr 65.000 isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase), IA-2 (insulinoma-associated protein IA-2) or insulin, alone or in combination, predict disease. Preclinical studies in spontaneously diabetic rodents suggest that immunomodulation with autoantigens might alter the course of autoimmune diabetes. Oral insulin reduces the development of diabetes in risk subjects with high insulin autoantibody levels. Giving alum-formulated GAD65 to patients classified with latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA) is safe and suggests possible immunomodulating effects of GAD65. Future immunomodulation trials might better ascertain subjects based on HLA genetic risk factors, the level of insulin that is still produced or by combining autoantigens with, for example, anti-CD3 antibodies, to induce antigen-specific tolerance and thereby a long-lasting protection for beta cells.
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| 9. |
- Markiewski, Maciej M., et al.
(författare)
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Complement and coagulation : strangers or partners in crime?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Trends in immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4906 .- 1471-4981. ; 28:4, s. 184-192
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The convergence between complement and the clotting system extends far beyond the chemical nature of the complement and coagulation components, both of which form proteolytic cascades. Complement effectors directly enhance coagulation. These effects are supplemented by the interactions of complement with other inflammatory mediators that can increase the thrombogenicity of blood. In addition, complement inhibits anticoagulant factors. The crosstalk between complement and coagulation is also well illustrated by the ability of certain coagulation enzymes to activate complement components. Understanding the interplay between complement and coagulation has fundamental clinical implications in the context of diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis, in which complement-coagulation interactions contribute to the development of life-threatening complications. Here, we review the interactions of the complement system with hemostasis and their roles in various diseases.
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| 10. |
- Nandakumar, Kutty Selva, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Therapeutic cleavage of IgG: new avenues for treating inflammation.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Trends in Immunology. - Cambridge, MA : Elsevier BV. - 1471-4981 .- 1471-4906. ; 29, s. 173-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autoantibodies developing in humans contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, and injected therapeutic antibodies can also trigger adverse side effects. An efficient and rapid elimination of these antibodies are therefore critically needed. Antibody removal by plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption are commonly used methods but have their own limitations. Bacterial enzymes that can cleave IgG molecules or remove carbohydrate moieties to ameliorate their immunogenicity or effector functions in vivo offer new avenues for drug development. Recent discoveries highlight the possibility of cleaving or modifying IgG in vivo by injection of enzymes. Such an approach opens up new therapeutic possibilities not only for the control of pathogenic antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases but also allograft rejection or the treatment of side-effects of 'biologicals' such as monoclonal antibodies.
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