| 1. |
- Gising, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A straightforward microwave method for rapid synthesis of N-1, C-6 functionalized 3,5-dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones
- 2009
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 7:13, s. 2809-2815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A rapid and versatile one-pot, 2 * 10 min microwave protocol for the prepn. of N-1 and C-6 decorated 3,5-dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones, e.g., I, from the corresponding primary amines and aldehyde was developed. Comparable reaction sequences using classical conditions require about 1-2 days of heating. The alpha -aminonitrile was first generated in a Strecker reaction and thereafter cyclized under microwave heating. The microwave approach developed offers the possibility of efficiently generating and utilizing functionalized 3-amino-5-chloro-2(1H)-pyrazinone-N-1-carboxylic acids as beta -strand inducing core structures in a medicinal chem. context. To illustrate the usefulness of the method, the synthesis of two novel 2(1H)-pyrazinone-contg. Hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors, e.g., II, is reported.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Barman, Jharna, et al.
(författare)
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Non-identical electronic characters of the internucleotidic phosphates in RNA modulate the chemical reactivity of the phosphodiester bonds
- 2006
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 4:5, s. 928-941
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here show that the electronic properties and the chemical reactivities of the internucleotidic phosphates in the heptameric ssRNAs are dissimilar in a sequence-specific manner because of their non-identical microenvironments, in contrast with the corresponding isosequential ssDNAs. This has been evidenced by monitoring the delta H8(G) shifts upon pH-dependent ionization (pK(a1)) of the central 9-guaninyl (G) to the 9-guanylate ion (G(-)), and its electrostatic effect on each of the internucleotidic phosphate anions, as measured from the resultant delta P-31 shifts (pKa(2)) in the isosequential heptameric ssRNAs vis-`a-vis ssDNAs: [d/r( 5'-Cp(1)Ap(2)Q(1)p(3)Gp(4)Q(2)p(5)Ap(6)C-3'): Q(1) = Q(2) = A (5a/5b) or C (8a/8b), Q(1) = A, Q(2) = C (6a/6b), Q(1) = C, Q(2) = A (7a/7b)]. These oligos with single ionizable G in the centre are chosen because of the fact that the pseudoaromatic character of G can be easily modulated in a pH-dependent manner by its transformation to G(-) (the 2'-OH to 2-O- ionization effect is not detectable below pH 11.6 as evident from the N1-Me-G analog), thereby modulating/titrating the nature of the electrostatic interactions of G to G- with the phosphates, which therefore constitute simple models to interrogate how the variable pseudoaromatic characters of nucleobases under different sequence context (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 8674-8681) can actually influence the reactivity of the internucleotide phosphates as a result of modulation of sequence context-specific electrostatic interactions. In order to better understand the impact of the electrostatic effect of the G to G- on the tunability of the electronic character of internucleotidic phosphates in the heptameric ssRNAs 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b, we have also performed their alkaline hydrolysis at pH 12.5 at 20 degrees C, and have identified the preferences of the cleavage sites at various phosphates, which are p(2), p(3) and p(4) (Fig. 3). The results of these alkaline hydrolysis studies have been compared with the hydrolysis of analogous N1-Me-G heptameric ssRNA sequences 5c, 7c and 8c under identical conditions in order to establish the role of the electrostatic effect of the 9-guanylate ion (and the 2'-OH to 2-O- ionization) on the internucleotidic phosphate. It turned out that the relative alkaline hydrolysis rate at those particular phosphates ( p2, p3 and p(4)) in the N1-Me-G heptamers was reduced from 16-78% compared to those in the native counterparts [Fig. 4, and ESI 2 (Fig. S11)]. Thus, these physico-chemical studies have shown that those p2, p3 and p4 phosphates in the native heptameric RNAs, which show pK(a2) as well as more deshielding ( owing to weaker P-31 screening) in the alkaline pH compared to those at the neutral pH, are more prone to the alkaline hydrolysis because of their relatively enhanced electrophilic character resulting from weaker P-31 screening. This screening effect originates as a result of the systematic charge repulsion effect between the electron cloud in the outermost orbitals of phosphorus and the central guanylate ion, leading to delocalization of the phosphorus pp charge into its d pi orbitals. It is thus likely that, just as in the non-enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis of a specific phosphate in RNA by general base-catalyss in RNA-cleaving proteins (RNase A, RNA phosphodiesterase or nuclease) can potentially be electrostatically influenced by tuning the transient charge on the nucleobase in the steric proximity or as a result of specific sequence context owing to nearest-neighbor interactions.
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| 4. |
- Blomberg, David, et al.
(författare)
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of thrombin inhibitors based on a pyridine scaffold
- 2007
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 5:16, s. 2599-2605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of 2,4- disubstituted pyridine derivatives has been designed, synthesised and evaluated as thrombin inhibitors. A Grignard exchange reaction was used to introduce various benzoyl substituents in position 4 of the pyridine ring, where they serve as P3 residues in binding to thrombin. In position 2 of the pyridine ring, a para-amidinobenzylamine moiety was incorporated as P1 residue by an SNAr reaction using ammonia as nucleophile followed by a reductive amination. A crystal structure obtained for one of the compounds in the active site of thrombin revealed that the basic amidine group of the inhibitor was anchored to Asp 189 at the bottom of the S1 pocket. A comparison with melagatran, bound in the active site of thrombin, revealed a good shape match but lack of hydrogen bonding possibilities in the S2 - S3 region for the thrombin inhibitors reported in this study.
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| 5. |
- Blomberg, David, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of leucine enkephalin turn mimetics
- 2006
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 4:3, s. 416-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cyclic Leu-enkephalin mimetic containing a 7-membered ring, and two linear analogues, has been prepared on solid phase. In the cyclic mimetic the intramolecular (1–4) hydrogen bond found in crystalline Leu-enkephalin has been replaced by an ethylene bridge. In addition, the amide bond between Tyr1 and Gly2 has been replaced by a methylene ether isostere and Gly3 has been deleted. The two linear analogues both contain the methylene ether isostere instead of the Tyr1-Gly2 amide bond and the shorter of the two lacks Gly3. The three compounds, and a β-turn mimetic analogous to the 7-membered turn mimetic but with Gly3 included, were evaluated for specific binding to µ- and δ-opioid receptors in rat brain membranes. With the exception of the β-turn mimetic the three other Leu-enkephalin analogues all bound with varying affinity to the µ- and δ-opioid receptors. From the results it could be concluded that Leu-enkephalin binds in a turn conformation to the opiate receptors, but that this conformation is not a (1–4) β-turn.
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| 6. |
- Brulé, Emilie, et al.
(författare)
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Polymer-supported manganese porphyrin catalysts - peptide-linker promoted chemoselectivity
- 2005
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 3:10, s. 1971-1976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganese porphyrin catalysts were tethered to polymer-supports via peptide linkers. The reactivity and chemoselectivity of the catalysts were assessed in the epoxidation of limonene. It was found that the inclusion of a peptide linker incorporating a donor heteroatom which could act as an axial ligand led to a supported manganese porphyrin catalyst with unprecedented selectivity and stability.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Cheruku, Pradeep, et al.
(författare)
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Development of new thiazole-based iridium catalysts and their applications in the asymmetric hydrogenation of trisubstituted olefins
- 2008
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Ingår i: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 6:2, s. 366-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New thiazole-based chiral N,P-ligands that are open-chain analogues of known cyclic thiazole ligands have been synthesized and evaluated in the iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of trisubstituted olefins. Chirality was introduced into the ligands through a highly diastereoselective alkylation using Oppolzer's camphorsultam as chiral auxiliary. In general, the new catalysts are as reactive and selective as their cyclic counterparts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of various trisubstituted olefins.
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| 10. |
- Cumpstey, Ian, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of a phenyl thio-b-D-galactopyranoside library from 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene: discovery of efficient and selective monosaccharide inhibitors of galectin-7
- 2005
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Ingår i: Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-0539 .- 1477-0520. ; 3:10, s. 1922-1932
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The galectins are a family of -galactoside-binding proteins that have been implicated in cancer and inflammation processes. Herein, we report the synthesis of a library of 28 compounds that was tested for binding to galectins-1, -3, -7, -8N and -9N. An aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction between 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and a galacto thiol gave 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio--D-galactopyranoside. This versatile intermediate was then modified in a two dimensional manner: either by further substitution of the second fluoride by amines or thiols, or by reduction of the nitro groups and acylation of the resulting amines, or both. Deacetylation then gave a library of aromatic -galactosides that showed variable inhibitory activity against the different galectins, as shown by screening with a fluorescence-polarisation assay. Particularly efficient inhibitors were found against galectin-7, while less impressive enhancements of inhibitor affinity over methyl -D-galactopyranoside were found for galectin-1, -3, -8N and -9N. The best inhibitors against galectin-7 showed significantly higher affinity (Kd as low as 140 µM) than both -methyl galactoside (Kd 4.8 mM) and the unsubstituted -phenyl thiogalactoside (non-inhibitory). The best inhibitors against galectin-7 were poor against the other galectins and thus have potential as structurally simple and selective tools for dissecting biological functions of galectin-7.
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