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- Aroniadis, O. C., et al.
(författare)
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A Perspective on Brain-Gut Communication: The American Gastroenterology Association and American Psychosomatic Society Joint Symposium on Brain-Gut Interactions and the Intestinal Microenvironment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychosomatic Medicine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0033-3174 .- 1534-7796. ; 79:8, s. 847-856
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Alterations in brain-gut communication and the intestinal microenvironment have been implicated in a variety of medical and neuropsychiatric diseases. Three central areas require basic and clinical research: (1) how the intestinal microenvironment interacts with the host immune system, central nervous system, and enteric nervous system; (2) the role of the intestinal microenvironment in the pathogenesis of medical and neuropsychiatric disease; and (3) the effects of diet, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation on the intestinal microenvironment and the treatment of disease. Methods: This review article is based on a symposium convened by the American Gastroenterology Association and the American Psychosomatic Society to foster interest in the role of the intestinal microenvironment in brain-gut communication and pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and biopsychosocial disorders. The aims were to define the state of the art of the current scientific knowledge base and to identify guidelines and future directions for new research in this area. Results: This review provides a characterization of the intestinal microbial composition and function. We also provide evidence for the interactions between the intestinal microbiome, the host, and the environment. The role of the intestinal microbiome in medical and neuropsychiatric diseases is reviewed as well as the treatment effects of manipulation of the intestinal microbiome. Conclusions: Based on this review, opportunities and challenges for conducting research in the field are described, leading to potential avenues for future research.
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| 3. |
- Bodin, Fernando, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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The Association of Cigarette Smoking With High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychosomatic Medicine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0033-3174 .- 1534-7796. ; 79:9, s. 1045-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Evidence from both laboratory and observational studies suggests that acute and chronic smoking leads to reduced high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), a measure of cardiac vagal regulation. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to study the effect of smoking on concurrent HF-HRV in a trial measuring the effects of hostility reduction and compared 24-hour HF-HRV in smokers and nonsmokers. Method Ambulatory electrocardiogram data were collected before randomization from 149 healthy individuals with high hostility levels (20-45 years, body mass index 32 kg/m(2)) and paired with concurrent EMA ratings of smoking and physical position during waking hours. A multilevel mixed model was estimated associating ln(HF-HRV) from smoking status (between-person factor) and person-centered momentary smoking (within-person factor, treated as a random effect), adjusting for momentary physical position, medication use, and consumption of alcohol and caffeine. Results Thirty-five smokers and 114 nonsmokers provided both EMA and HF-HRV data. Within smokers, ln HF-HRV was reduced by 0.31 millisecond(2) (p = .04) when participants reported having recently smoked cigarettes, compared with when they had not. The 24-hour HF-HRV was significantly lower in smokers (M [SD] = 5.24 [0.14] milliseconds(2)) than nonsmokers (5.63 0.07 milliseconds(2), p = .01). Conclusions In healthy smokers with high hostility levels used as their own controls during daily living, smoking acutely reduced HF-HRV. HF-HRV was also reduced in smokers as compared with nonsmokers. Although limited by a small sample of individuals with high hostility levels, these findings nonetheless provide additional evidence that cardiac vagal regulation is lowered by cigarette smoking, which may be one of the numerous pathophysiological effects of smoking.
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| 5. |
- de Clercq, N. C., et al.
(författare)
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Gut Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis: New Insights in the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychosomatic Medicine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0033-3174 .- 1534-7796. ; 79:8, s. 874-879
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Emerging preclinical evidence has shown that the bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain, the so-called gut-brain axis, plays an important role in both host metabolism and behavior. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of the brain-gut axis in relation to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Methods: A selective literature review was conducted to evaluate GI and brain interactions. Results: Evidence suggests reduced microbial diversity in obesity and metabolic dysregulation. However, findings of microbiota composition in obese individuals are inconsistent, and the investigation of causality between gut microbiota and energy homeostasis is complex because multiple variables contribute to the gut microbiota composition. The microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids are found to exert numerous physiologic effects, including energy homeostasis through the regulation of GI hormones such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and leptin. Preclinical studies show that modifying rodents' microbiota through fecal transplantation results in alterations of these GI hormones and subsequently an altered metabolism and behavior. However, whether and to what extent preclinical findings translate to human metabolism is unclear. Conclusions: One of the major limitations and challenges in this field of research is interindividual variability of the microbiome. Future research needs to combine recent insights gained into tracking the dynamics of the microbiome as well as the metabolic responses. Furthermore, advanced mapping of the human microbiome is required to investigate the metabolic implications of the gut-brain axis to develop targeted interventions for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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| 8. |
- Kask, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality in Women With Anorexia Nervosa : The Role of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychosomatic Medicine. - 0033-3174 .- 1534-7796. ; 78:8, s. 910-919
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To investigate mortality in anorexia nervosa (AN) with a psychiatric comorbidity. Methods Using Swedish registers, data for 8069 female inpatients with AN were retrospectively collected for 1973-2010. Mortality patterns were assessed using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), Cox regression-derived hazard ratios, and incidence rate ratios. A control cohort of 76,995 women was used. Results Patients with AN and a psychiatric comorbidity had higher mortality rates did than those without a comorbidity. The SMRs for patients with AN and a psychiatric comorbidity were 5.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.6-6.4) and 18.1 (95% CI = 15.2-21.3) for natural and unnatural causes of death, respectively. The SMRs for patients with AN without a comorbidity were 2.8 (95% CI = 2.3-3.5) and 3.1 (95% CI = 2.2-4.1) for natural and unnatural causes of death, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios for mortality from natural or unnatural causes were 2.0 (95% CI = 1.5-2.7) and 5.7 (95% CI = 3.9-8.2), respectively. Incidence rate ratios comparing patients with AN and controls, both with psychiatric comorbidities, suggest a negative synergistic effect of comorbid AN and psychiatric disorder on mortality, which was greater for unnatural causes of death. Conclusions Mortality in patients with AN was greater in the presence of a psychiatric comorbidity, and even more pronounced for unnatural causes of death and suicides. Substance abuse, especially alcohol use disorder, increased mortality from natural causes of death. These findings highlight the need for early detection and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in AN, to potentially improve long-term outcomes.
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