| 1. |
- Axford, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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The Effectiveness of a Community-Based Mentoring Program for Children Aged 5–11 Years: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: Prevention Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1389-4986 .- 1573-6695.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study, a two-arm, randomized controlled, parallel group, superiority trial, aimed to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of a 12-month one-to-one volunteer mentoring program designed to improve behavioral and emotional outcomes in children aged 5 to 11 years who have teacher- and parent/carer-reported behavioral difficulties. Participants were 246 children (123 intervention, 123 control; mean age 8.4 years; 87% boys) in five sites in London, UK, scoring in the “abnormal” range on the teacher-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Total Difficulties measure and in the “borderline” or abnormal range on the parent-rated SDQ Total Difficulties measure. Randomization on a 1:1 ratio took place using a computer-generated sequence and stratifying by site. Data collectors and statisticians were blind to participant allocation status. Outcome measures focused on parent- and teacher-rated child behavior and emotions, and child-rated self-perception and hope. Intention-to-treat analysis on all 246 randomized participants (using imputed data where necessary) showed that at post-intervention (16 months after randomization), there were no statistically significant effects on the primary outcome—parent-rated SDQ Total Difficulties (adjusted standardized mean difference = − 0.12; 95% CI: −0.38 to 0.13; p = 0.33)—or any secondary outcomes. Results from complier average causal effect (CACE) analysis using the primary outcome indicated the intervention was not effective for children who received the recommended duration of mentoring. Exploratory analyses found no sub-group effects on the primary outcome. The article concludes that the mentoring program had no effect on children’s behavior or emotional well-being, and that program content needs revising to satisfactorily address key risk and protective factors.
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| 2. |
- Beeres, Dorien Tecla, et al.
(författare)
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Child–adult contract for prevention of tobacco use : "as-treated" analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial (the TOPAS study) at 3-year follow-up
- 2024
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Ingår i: Prevention Science. - : Springer Nature. - 1389-4986 .- 1573-6695. ; 25, s. 175-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To estimate the effect of a 3-year commitment to remain tobacco free on tobacco uptake among high school students in Sweden. The commitment is developed in the form of a contract between a child and a significant adult, constituting the core component of Tobacco-free Duo (T-Duo), a Swedish school-based tobacco prevention program. Secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants were 586 students in high schools assigned to the intervention arm of T-Duo. At inception, participants attended grade 7 (i.e., age 12–13). Only students who were tobacco naïve at baseline for the respective outcome and participated in all follow-ups were included. The exposure was defined as signing a 3-year contract with a significant adult, categorized as “stable contract” (3 years contract with the same contract partner), “unstable” (signed a contract sometime during follow-up but this was not sustained over time and/or with the same partner), and “no contract” at all during the intervention period. The primary outcome was having never tried cigarette smoking at the end of grade 9. Exposure and outcomes were self-reported in yearly questionnaires. Of 586 students, 321 (55%) held a stable contract, 204 (35%) an unstable contract, and 61 (10%) did not sign a contract at all. At the end of grade 9 (age 15–16), the relative risk (RR) to remain cigarette free was 1.11 (95% CI 1.00–1.22) (Number Needed to Treat = 10) among students in any type of contract compared to students that did not write a contract at all. The RRs for remaining tobacco free (secondary outcomes) ranged from 1.07 (0.98–1.16) for regular snus use to 1.16 (1.00–1.35) for any type of tobacco use. A commitment to remain tobacco free through a child–adult contract seems to exert a preventive effect on the uptake of tobacco use among Swedish adolescents over 3 school years. The current findings apply to a selected sample of both schools and students.Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN52858080 Date: January 4, 2019, retrospectively registered.
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| 3. |
- Duan, MJ, et al.
(författare)
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Using Structural Equation Modeling to Untangle Pathways of Risk Factors Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes: the Lifelines Cohort Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6695. ; 23:7, s. 1090-1100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes are multifaceted and interrelated. Unraveling the complex pathways of modifiable risk factors related to incident type 2 diabetes will help prioritize prevention targets. The current analysis extended a previously proposed conceptual model by Bardenheier et al. (Diabetes Care, 36(9), 2655–2662, 2013) on prediabetes with a cross-sectional design. The model described the pathways of four aspects of modifiable risk factors in relation to incident type 2 diabetes, including socioeconomic status (income and education); lifestyle behaviors (diet quality, physical activity, TV watching, smoking, risk drinking, and unhealthy sleep duration); clinical markers (HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and waist circumference); and blood pressure. We performed structural equation modeling to test this conceptual model using a prospective population-based sample of 68,649 participants (35–80 years) from the Lifelines cohort study. During a median follow-up of 41 months, 1124 new cases of type 2 diabetes were identified (incidence 1.6%). The best-fitting model indicated that among all modifiable risk factors included, waist circumference had the biggest direct effect on type 2 diabetes (standardized β-coefficient 0.214), followed by HDL-cholesterol (standardized β-coefficient − 0.134). Less TV watching and more physical activity were found to play an important role in improving clinical markers that were directly associated with type 2 diabetes. Education had the biggest positive effects on all lifestyle behaviors except for unhealthy sleep duration. Our analysis provides evidence to support that structural equation modeling enables a holistic assessment of the interplay of type 2 diabetes risk factors, which not only allows the estimation of their total effects but also prioritization of prevention targets. Regarding the current guideline for diabetes prevention, waist management in addition to BMI control (clinical level), as well as less TV watching in addition to more physical activity (behavioral level), may provide additional public health benefits. Better education would be the main societal goal for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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| 4. |
- Galanti, MR
(författare)
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Building a Culture of Prevention: Tasks for Multi-Taskers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6695. ; 2122:81, s. 91-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Jin, Chunsheng, et al.
(författare)
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Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in theN- andO-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues
- 2020
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Ingår i: Glycoconjugate Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0282-0080 .- 1573-4986. ; 37, s. 485-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which alpha-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins.N-glycans were released by PNGase F digestion andO-glycans by beta-elimination. Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 102N-glycans and 40O-glycans were identified in animal heart tissue lysates. TheN- andO-glycan patterns were different between species. alpha-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on bothN- andO-linked glycans,N,N '-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) onN-glycans only and sulfatedO-glycans. The relative amounts of alpha-Gal-containingN-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying alpha-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylatedO-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylatedN-glycans. The identifiedN-andO-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans.
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| 6. |
- Lansford, Jennifer E., et al.
(författare)
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Compliance with Health Recommendations and Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID Pandemic in Nine Countries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Prevention Science. - : Springer Nature. - 1389-4986 .- 1573-6695. ; , s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Longitudinal data from the Parenting Across Cultures study of children, mothers, and fathers in 12 cultural groups in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the USA; N = 1331 families) were used to understand predictors of compliance with COVID-19 mitigation strategies and vaccine hesitancy. Confidence in government responses to the COVID pandemic was also examined as a potential moderator of links between pre-COVID risk factors and compliance with COVID mitigation strategies and vaccine hesitancy. Greater confidence in government responses to the COVID pandemic was associated with greater compliance with COVID mitigation strategies and less vaccine hesitancy across cultures and reporters. Pre-COVID financial strain and family stress were less consistent predictors of compliance with COVID mitigation strategies and vaccine hesitancy than confidence in government responses to the pandemic. Findings suggest the importance of bolstering confidence in government responses to future human ecosystem disruptions, perhaps through consistent, clear, non-partisan messaging and transparency in acknowledging limitations and admitting mistakes to inspire compliance with government and public health recommendations. © 2022, Society for Prevention Research.
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| 7. |
- Larimer, Mary E, et al.
(författare)
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An International Comparison of a Web-Based Personalized Feedback Intervention for Alcohol use During the Transition out of High School in the United States and Sweden.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Prevention Science. - : Springer. - 1389-4986 .- 1573-6695. ; 22, s. 670-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Young adult drinkers engage in a range of drinking patterns from abstaining to heavy drinking in both the United States and Sweden. Heavy drinking during young adulthood in both countries is associated with a variety of negative consequences. Personalized feedback interventions have been identified as effective prevention strategies to prevent or reduce heavy drinking in the United States. This study examined transitions in drinking profiles and compared the efficacy of a personalized feedback intervention for 3965 young adults in the United States (1,735) and Sweden (2230) during their transition out of high school. Using goodness-of-fit criteria, results indicated that three drinking profiles exist among young adults transitioning out of high school: very low drinkers/abstainers, moderate to heavy drinkers, and very heavy drinkers. Latent Markov models revealed a moderating effect of country on personalized feedback intervention such that intervention condition participants in the United States were more likely to belong to the light drinker/abstainer or moderate to heavy profile relative to the very heavy drinking profile at 6-month follow-up. There was no significant effect of personalized feedback intervention in Sweden. Future research could investigate the impact of when personalized feedback interventions are administered and could examine if personalized feedback interventions should be more intentionally culturally adapted in order to be more effective.
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| 8. |
- Somba, Magreat, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers and Facilitators to Effective Implementation of the NAMWEZA Intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2021
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Ingår i: Prevention Science. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1389-4986 .- 1573-6695. ; 22:7, s. 940-949
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The NAMWEZA intervention was implemented, using a ten-session group format, to build skills targeting psychosocial vulnerabilities and enhancing HIV prevention among people living with HIV (PLH) and their social networks. The overall goal of this intervention is to improve psychological wellbeing and reduce HIV risk behaviours. These analyses aim to describe the barriers and facilitators of implementing the NAMWEZA intervention from the perspective of participants and trained peer group facilitators. Twenty-four in-depth interviews were conducted with NAMWEZA participants, and 50 pooled peer facilitator self-assessment reports were obtained from 16 trained peers. Participants identified personal and structural barriers, including fear of inadvertent HIV status disclosure, time constraints, level of participant reimbursements, and limited space available for group sessions. Factors facilitating effective implementation included perceived benefits of the program, such as reduction in HIV-related risk behaviours, increased self-esteem, and improvement in confidence in HIV prevention communications. Scaling up the NAMWEZA intervention to other areas of Tanzania or regionally should take into account these facilitators and barriers to implementation.
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| 9. |
- Färdow, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Responsibility for Funding Refractive Correction in Publicly Funded Health Care Systems: An Ethical Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Health Care Analysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3394 .- 1065-3058. ; 29:1, s. 59-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Allocating on the basis of need is a distinguishing principle in publicly funded health care systems. Resources ought to be directed to patients, or the health program, where the need is considered greatest. In Sweden support of this principle can be found in health care legislation. Today however some domains of what appear to be health care needs are excluded from the responsibilities of the publicly funded health care system. Corrections of eye disorders known as refractive errors is one such domain. In this article the moral legitimacy of this exception is explored. Individuals with refractive errors need spectacles, contact lenses or refractive surgery to do all kinds of thing, including participating in everyday activities, managing certain jobs, and accomplishing various goals in life. The relief of correctable visual impairments fits well into the category of what we typically consider a health care need. The study of refractive errors does belong to the field of medical science, interventions to correct such errors can be performed by medical means, and the skills of registered health care professionals are required when it comes to correcting refractive error. As visual impairments caused by other conditions than refractive errors are treated and funded within the public health care system in Sweden this is an inconsistency that needs to be addressed.
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