| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Avila-Zúñiga-Nordfjeld, Adriana, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating the procedures of reporting port security incidents and the follow-up investigation to build a national maritime security policy : a case study in Mexico
- 2019
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). - : Springer. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 18:1, s. 25-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to improve port security measures in developing countries via integrating the procedures of incident reporting and the associated follow up investigation, hinging on the Mexican experience. The analysis examined port security at Mexican ports, where stakeholders were interviewed on the subject to identify the challenges and opportunities for security incident reporting, updating of security incident records and facilitation of the follow up investigation. Then, a qualitative security model was developed; under this new framework, incident reporting, incident investigation, the re-assessment of security threats through the Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA) and the necessary modifications to the Port Facility Security Plans (PFSP) were all integrated. These subjects were all incorporated into a “transparent port security incident reporting tool”. This tool was implemented at all ports in Mexico, where the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) applies, by the National Maritime Authority. This demonstrated in a real case through “action research”, the improvement of port security framework in the country. Measurements were executed every quarter throughout the year 2017 and the incident-reporting instrument was adjusted accordingly. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in reporting security incidents, with the increase from absolutely nothing (zero) to 57 providing a strong indicator of success. In addition, 56% of those reported maritime incidents were also associated with recommendations to be integrated into the PFSA and respective PFSP. Collecting accurate and immediate information/evidence material while reporting security incidents is crucial for effective incident investigation and continuous improvement of the PFSP.
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| 3. |
- Boström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Improving operational safety during icebreaker operations
- 2017
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). - : Springer. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 16:1, s. 73-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study presented in this paper aims at investigating what safety measures that can be taken to improve the operational safety during icebreaker operations in the Baltic Sea. During icebreaker operations, the icebreaker and the assisted vessel operate in close proximity to each other, a distance which can be even smaller if weather and ice conditions are severe. This poses a severe threat to the operation, since the extremely short distance between the vessels leaves no room for error. The results, which are based on data collected through individual interviews and questionnaires, indicate several possible improvements. Firstly, on a regulatory level, the introduction of an ice navigation certificate for deck officers would set a minimal level of formal competency. Secondly, on a knowledge level, more ice navigation training and better language skills work in favour for the safety. Thirdly, on a technical level, having an electronic chart with target tracking capability increases the efficiency and safety of the passage through ice. In addition to these results, this study shows a need to further research the communication and language situation during icebreaker operations.
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| 4. |
- Jensen, Arne, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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The Perception and Image of Shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 15:1, s. 41-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The image of the shipping industry plays a vital role in developing maritime transport as a major future, sustainable transport alternative. In particular, it is crucial to understand the image the shipping industry has among young people and the anatomy of the concept in order to be able to effectively promote careers in shipping, to cultivate shipping as an attractive labour market and to develop attractive educational programmes. The focus of this paper is the image of the shipping industry. This study reports on the findings of a large-scale survey of the image of shipping- and image-related concepts among upper secondary school pupils in Sweden, Norway and Greece. We define and analyse empirically by means of multivariate statistical analysis the anatomy of the image concept. We identify various image dimensions, estimate how young people rate the shipping industry along these dimensions and estimate their relative importance to young people who are planning their future careers. The results from this study can be used as a base for describing and explaining the images that young people have of the shipping industry. Such knowledge is fundamental for deriving and developing constructive strategies to promote careers in shipping, to adapt shipping to the expectations of young people and to develop creative and relevant educational programmes. Finally, understanding the image of shipping among young people is important not only for the shipping industry, but for other stakeholders as well, such as ship-owners associations, trade associations, labour unions, transport authorities and administrations and policy makers at the national and supra-national level.
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| 5. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to energy efficiency in shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 15:1, s. 79-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shipping industry shows potential for improvements in energy efficiency. Nonetheless, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt these seemingly cost-efficient technical and operational measures aiming at reducing energy costs. Such phenomenon is not specific to the shipping industry and is commonly referred to as the energy efficiency gap. Decades of research in other sectors have contributed to the development of taxonomy of economic, organizational and psychological barriers that determine energy efficiency gaps through the use of a variety of research frameworks. This article aims to apply this research in the shipping context through interviews and review of existing literature and applications from other industries, with the objective of providing useful insight for shipping managers. The article discusses examples of barriers that are typical to shipping and that are related to information asymmetries and power structures within organizations. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures among the possible causes for energy efficiency gaps in their companies’ operations and possibly strive towards organizational change.
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| 6. |
- Jonassen, Jan R., et al.
(författare)
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License to intervene : the role of team adaptation in balancing structure and flexibility in offshore operations
- 2019
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). - : Springer. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 18:1, s. 103-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study reported here reviewed and analyzed multi-team organizations in offshore operations to identify and understand the factors that are essential for good operation. It was found that the most prominent contribution to good operations was the balancing of structure and flexibility during work (anchor handling operations). The enabling factor towards this balance seems to be a process of team adaptation, including adjustments and corrections, when performing operations. The multi-teams operate in an open climate with a commonly accepted allowance to stop any safety-threatened operational activity. In practice, this gives the operational teams a “license” to intervene and adjust or adapt to suddenly occurring anomalies. The operations are in turn based on a period of planning and preparing. During the actual balancing, the teams relied on communication and information sharing, coordination and cooperation, and anticipation (proactive behavior) and empowerment/autonomy as effective enablers of team adaptation.
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| 7. |
- Liwång, Hans
(författare)
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Piracy off West Africa from 2010 to 2014 : an analysis
- 2017
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 16:3, s. 385-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Piracy is one of the most frequent maritime threats. However, despite the importance of how maritime piracy is to be reduced, it is substantially less investigated than maritime safety. Piracy off Somalia is the most investigated case of piracy, but those results are not necessarily generalizable. Piracy off West Africa has been shown to be more diverse, successful and dangerous. This study investigates and analyses piracy off West Africa with the aim to understand how different operations and security measures affect the consequences of piracy. This study has identified several different intents and shows that most attacks are relatively close to shore and correspond to areas of high ship density. Attacks with the intent of theft at night-time are generally performed close to shore, and more complicated attacks against ships under way are more common during daytime and farther from shore. Five types of measures are found to have high effectiveness if the attack is detected during approach; after boarding, only two measures have high effectiveness. Of the effective measures, it can be concluded that all but one are dependent on detecting the attack. Therefore, detecting the pirates is key but must be accompanied by a set of measures because no measure alone can protect a ship given the operational conditions off West Africa. The risks associated with piracy off West Africa are estimated to be of the same magnitude as the risks posed by Somali piracy at its peak.
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| 8. |
- Liwång, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Ship security challenges in high-risk areas : manageable or insurmountable?
- 2015
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA). - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 14:2, s. 201-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Piracy can lead to risks so high that they, according to the International Maritime Organization, are tolerable only if risk reduction is not practicable or is disproportionate to the benefits achieved. Therefore, there is a need for reducing ship security risks in relation to antagonistic threats such as piracy. The aim of this study is to identify challenges for ship operators when developing their ship security management. Furthermore, this study also investigates two central aspects in the analysis: understanding the threat and understanding how a security threat affects the crew and operation of the ship. It is clear from the analysis that the importance of subjective aspects beyond a ship operators’ direct control is high. This seems to be the fact for all aspects of the risk management process. The situation is also dynamic as the security risk, as well as the risk perception, can change dramatically even though there are no actual operational changes. As a result, the ship security management process is highly iterative and depends on situations on board as well as conditions out of the ship operator’s control. In order to make ship security manageable, the risk management has to put particular focus on methodological understanding, relevant system understanding and well-defined risk acceptance criteria as well as on including all levels of the organization in the risk reduction implementation and on a continuous monitoring.
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| 9. |
- Lähteenmäki-Uutela, Anu, et al.
(författare)
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What explains SECA compliance: rational calculation or moral judgment?
- 2019
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 18:1, s. 61-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explain the Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) compliance through analyzing both rational and moral factors for compliance motivation. According to preliminary analysis based on samples and measurements, the compliance rate for SECA is rather good and air quality has improved significantly. As costs of compliance are rather high and penalties for non-compliance rather low for regulation targets, moral motivation factors must be relevant for compliance. Maintaining good relationships with control authorities and peers requires shipowners to comply with the rules for practical and moral legitimacy. Our interviews with Danish, Finnish and Estonian shipowners confirmed that most of them follow the law simply because it is the law, this applying both to current Baltic Sea SECA rules and the future global sulphur emission rules. Obeying environmental law thus has a taken-for-granted status among shipping companies. Almost half of the companies specifically mentioned they follow the SECA rules because they want to take care of the environment, thus having internalized the regulatory content. Some companies see global compliance to depend on efficient controls.
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| 10. |
- Man, Yemao, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Managing Unruly Technologies in the Engine Control Room: from Problem Patching to an Architectural Thinking and Standardisation
- 2018
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 17:4, s. 497-519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the work in engine control rooms (ECRs) onboard ships is becoming increasingly demanding and complex due to growing presence of modern information technology (IT) applications introduced in a problem-patching fashion. Previous studies about ECRs discussed the design issues associated with physical and cognitive ergonomics and lack of regulatory support. This paper has re-examined a design case in an ECR on a merchant ship and discussed the potential of a service-oriented architectural approach to manage emerging unruly technologies and integrate distributed resources in the maritime human-technology system. An EU project was introduced to illustrate the value of this design approach. Confronted with the complexity issues residing in a sociotechnical system like the ECR, this conceptual paper suggests a shift of focus from patching individual problems locally to a holistic systems perspective on the maritime eco-system development, which would likely require more collaborative efforts of various maritime stakeholders in practice. Certain extent of mandatory standardization for deploying and managing information systems is considered to be critical in these collaborative endeavors.
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