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- Gu, Xuan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Six Phase Encoding Based Susceptibility Distortion Correction Methods for Diffusion MRI
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5196. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Susceptibility distortions impact diffusion MRI data analysis and is typically corrected during preprocessing. Correction strategies involve three classes of methods: registration to a structural image, the use of a fieldmap, or the use of images acquired with opposing phase encoding directions. It has been demonstrated that phase encoding based methods outperform the other two classes, but unfortunately, the choice of which phase encoding based method to use is still an open question due to the absence of any systematic comparisons.Methods: In this paper we quantitatively evaluated six popular phase encoding based methods for correcting susceptibility distortions in diffusion MRI data. We employed a framework that allows for the simulation of realistic diffusion MRI data with susceptibility distortions. We evaluated the ability for methods to correct distortions by comparing the corrected data with the ground truth. Four diffusion tensor metrics (FA, MD, eigenvalues and eigenvectors) were calculated from the corrected data and compared with the ground truth. We also validated two popular indirect metrics using both simulated data and real data. The two indirect metrics are the difference between the corrected LR and AP data, and the FA standard deviation over the corrected LR, RL, AP, and PA data.Results: We found that DR-BUDDI and TOPUP offered the most accurate and robust correction compared to the other four methods using both direct and indirect evaluation metrics. EPIC and HySCO performed well in correcting b0 images but produced poor corrections for diffusion weighted volumes, and also they produced large errors for the four diffusion tensor metrics. We also demonstrate that the indirect metric (the difference between corrected LR and AP data) gives a different ordering of correction quality than the direct metric.Conclusion: We suggest researchers to use DR-BUDDI or TOPUP for susceptibility distortion correction. The two indirect metrics (the difference between corrected LR and AP data, and the FA standard deviation) should be interpreted together as a measure of distortion correction quality. The performance ranking of the various tools inferred from direct and indirect metrics differs slightly. However, across all tools, the results of direct and indirect metrics are highly correlated indicating that the analysis of indirect metrics may provide a good proxy of the performance of a correction tool if assessment using direct metrics is not feasible.
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- Gu, Xuan, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Using the wild bootstrap to quantify uncertainty in mean apparent propagator MRI
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5196. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Estimation of uncertainty of MAP-MRI metricsis an important topic, for several reasons. Bootstrap deriveduncertainty, such as the standard deviation, providesvaluable information, and can be incorporated in MAP-MRIstudies to provide more extensive insight.Methods: In this paper, the uncertainty of different MAPMRImetrics was quantified by estimating the empirical distributionsusing the wild bootstrap. We applied the wildbootstrap to both phantom data and human brain data, andobtain empirical distributions for theMAP-MRImetrics returnto-origin probability (RTOP), non-Gaussianity (NG) and propagatoranisotropy (PA).Results: We demonstrated the impact of diffusion acquisitionscheme (number of shells and number of measurementsper shell) on the uncertainty of MAP-MRI metrics.We demonstrated how the uncertainty of these metrics canbe used to improve group analyses, and to compare differentpreprocessing pipelines. We demonstrated that withuncertainty considered, the results for a group analysis canbe different.Conclusion: Bootstrap derived uncertain measures provideadditional information to the MAP-MRI derived metrics, andshould be incorporated in ongoing and future MAP-MRIstudies to provide more extensive insight.
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- Hernández, Luis G., et al.
(författare)
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EEG-Based Detection of Braking Intention Under Different Car Driving Conditions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5196. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anticipatory recognition of braking is essential to prevent traffic accidents. For instance, driving assistance systems can be useful to properly respond to emergency braking situations. Moreover, the response time to emergency braking situations can be affected and even increased by different driver's cognitive states caused by stress, fatigue, and extra workload. This work investigates the detection of emergency braking from driver's electroencephalographic (EEG) signals that precede the brake pedal actuation. Bioelectrical signals were recorded while participants were driving in a car simulator while avoiding potential collisions by performing emergency braking. In addition, participants were subjected to stress, workload, and fatigue. EEG signals were classified using support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) in order to discriminate between braking intention and normal driving. Results showed significant recognition of emergency braking intention which was on average 71.1% for SVM and 71.8% CNN. In addition, the classification accuracy for the best participant was 80.1 and 88.1% for SVM and CNN, respectively. These results show the feasibility of incorporating recognizable driver's bioelectrical responses into advanced driver-assistance systems to carry out early detection of emergency braking situations which could be useful to reduce car accidents.
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- Jordan, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Extremely Scalable Spiking Neuronal Network Simulation Code : From Laptops to Exascale Computers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5196. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- State-of-the-art software tools for neuronal network simulations scale to the largest computing systems available today and enable investigations of large-scale networks of up to 10 % of the human cortex at a resolution of individual neurons and synapses. Due to an upper limit on the number of incoming connections of a single neuron, network connectivity becomes extremely sparse at this scale. To manage computational costs, simulation software ultimately targeting the brain scale needs to fully exploit this sparsity. Here we present a two-tier connection infrastructure and a framework for directed communication among compute nodes accounting for the sparsity of brain-scale networks. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by implementing the technology in the NEST simulation code and we investigate its performance in different scaling scenarios of typical network simulations. Our results show that the new data structures and communication scheme prepare the simulation kernel for post-petascale high-performance computing facilities without sacrificing performance in smaller systems.
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- Kunkel, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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The NEST Dry-Run Mode : Efficient Dynamic Analysis of Neuronal Network Simulation Code
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5196. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NEST is a simulator for spiking neuronal networks that commits to a general purpose approach: It allows for high flexibility in the design of network models, and its applications range from small-scale simulations on laptops to brain-scale simulations on supercomputers. Hence, developers need to test their code for various use cases and ensure that changes to code do not impair scalability. However, running a full set of benchmarks on a supercomputer takes up precious compute-time resources and can entail long queuing times. Here, we present the NEST dry-run mode, which enables comprehensive dynamic code analysis without requiring access to high-performance computing facilities. A dry-run simulation is carried out by a single process, which performs all simulation steps except communication as if it was part of a parallel environment with many processes. We show that measurements of memory usage and runtime of neuronal network simulations closely match the corresponding dry-run data. Furthermore, we demonstrate the successful application of the dry-run mode in the areas of profiling and performance modeling.
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- Pauli, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Reproducing Polychronization : A Guide to Maximizing the Reproducibility of Spiking Network Models
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5196. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Any modeler who has attempted to reproduce a spiking neural network model from its description in a paper has discovered what a painful endeavor this is. Even when all parameters appear to have been specified, which is rare, typically the initial attempt to reproduce the network does not yield results that are recognizably akin to those in the original publication. Causes include inaccurately reported or hidden parameters (e.g., wrong unit or the existence of an initialization distribution), differences in implementation of model dynamics, and ambiguities in the text description of the network experiment. The very fact that adequate reproduction often cannot be achieved until a series of such causes have been tracked down and resolved is in itself disconcerting, as it reveals unreported model dependencies on specific implementation choices that either were not clear to the original authors, or that they chose not to disclose. In either case, such dependencies diminish the credibility of the model's claims about the behavior of the target system. To demonstrate these issues, we provide a worked example of reproducing a seminal study for which, unusually, source code was provided at time of publication. Despite this seemingly optimal starting position, reproducing the results was time consuming and frustrating. Further examination of the correctly reproduced model reveals that it is highly sensitive to implementation choices such as the realization of background noise, the integration timestep, and the thresholding parameter of the analysis algorithm. From this process, we derive a guideline of best practices that would substantially reduce the investment in reproducing neural network studies, whilst simultaneously increasing their scientific quality. We propose that this guideline can be used by authors and reviewers to assess and improve the reproducibility of future network models.
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- Weidel, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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Closed Loop Interactions between Spiking Neural Network and Robotic Simulators Based on MUSIC and ROS
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. - : Frontiers Media. - 1662-5196. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to properly assess the function and computational properties of simulated neural systems, it is necessary to account for the nature of the stimuli that drive the system. However, providing stimuli that are rich and yet both reproducible and amenable to experimental manipulations is technically challenging, and even more so if a closed-loop scenario is required. In this work, we present a novel approach to solve this problem, connecting robotics and neural network simulators. We implement a middleware solution that bridges the Robotic Operating System (ROS) to the Multi-Simulator Coordinator (MUSIC). This enables any robotic and neural simulators that implement the corresponding interfaces to be efficiently coupled, allowing real-time performance for a wide range of configurations. This work extends the toolset available for researchers in both neurorobotics and computational neuroscience, and creates the opportunity to perform closed-loop experiments of arbitrary complexity to address questions in multiple areas, including embodiment, agency, and reinforcement learning.
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