| 1. |
- Aartsen, M. G., et al.
(författare)
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Neutrino interferometry for high-precision tests of Lorentz symmetry with IceCube
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 14:9, s. 961-966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lorentz symmetry is a fundamental spacetime symmetry underlying both the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. This symmetry guarantees that physical phenomena are observed to be the same by all inertial observers. However, unified theories, such as string theory, allow for violation of this symmetry by inducing new spacetime structure at the quantum gravity scale. Thus, the discovery of Lorentz symmetry violation could be the first hint of these theories in nature. Here we report the results of the most precise test of spacetime symmetry in the neutrino sector to date. We use high-energy atmospheric neutrinos observed at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory to search for anomalous neutrino oscillations as signals of Lorentz violation. We find no evidence for such phenomena. This allows us to constrain the size of the dimension-four operator in the standard-model extension for Lorentz violation to the 10(-28) level and to set limits on higher-dimensional operators in this framework. These are among the most stringent limits on Lorentz violation set by any physical experiment.
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| 2. |
- Ablikim, M., et al.
(författare)
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Polarization and entanglement in baryon-antibaryon pair production in electron-positron annihilation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 15:7, s. 631-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particles directly produced at electron-positron colliders, such as the J/psi meson, decay with relatively high probability into a baryon-antibaryon pair(1). For spin-1/2 baryons, the pair can have the same or opposite helicites. A non-vanishing phase Delta Phi between the transition amplitudes to these helicity states results in a transverse polarization of the baryons(2-4). From the joint angular distribution of the decay products of the bary-ons, this phase as well as the parameters characterizing the baryon and the antibaryon decays can be determined. Here, we report the measurement of Delta Phi = 42.4 +/- 0.6 +/- 0.5 degrees using Lambda -> p pi(-) and (Lambda) over bar -> (p) over bar pi(+), (n ) over bar pi(0) decays at BESIII. We find a value for the Lambda -> p pi(-) decay parameter of alpha(-) = 0.750 +/- 0.009 +/- 0.004, 17 +/- 3% higher than the current world average, which has been used as input for all Lambda polarization measurements since 1978(5,6). For (Lambda) over bar -> (p) over bar pi(+) we find alpha(+) = -0.758 +/- 0.010 +/- 0.007, giving A(CP) = (alpha(-) + alpha(+))/(alpha(-) - alpha(+)) = -0.006 +/- 0.012 +/- 0.007, a precise direct test of charge-parity symmetry (CP) violation in Lambda decays.
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| 3. |
- Abulaiti, Yiming, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 13:9, s. 852-858
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light-by-light scattering (gamma gamma -> gamma gamma) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead ions. Using 480 mu b(-1) of lead-lead collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV by the ATLAS detector, here we report evidence for light-by-light scattering. A total of 13 candidate events were observed with an expected background of 2.6 +/- 0.7 events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross-section of the process Pb + Pb (gamma gamma) -> Pb-(center dot) + Pb-(center dot) gamma gamma, for photon transverse energy E-T > 3 GeV, photon absolute pseudorapidity vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.4, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be 70 +/- 24 (stat.) +/- 17 (syst.) nb, which is in agreement with the standard model predictions.
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| 4. |
- Adam, J., et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 13:6, s. 535-539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Such an exotic state of strongly interacting quantum chromodynamics matter is produced in the laboratory in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions, is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions, but the enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles, relative to pions, increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with the p-Pb collision results, indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb-Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed. © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Aidala, C., et al.
(författare)
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Creation of quark–gluon plasma droplets with three distinct geometries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 15:3, s. 214-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental studies of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have established the properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons1–4. In this state, matter behaves as a nearly inviscid fluid5 that efficiently translates initial spatial anisotropies into correlated momentum anisotropies among the particles produced, creating a common velocity field pattern known as collective flow. In recent years, comparable momentum anisotropies have been measured in small-system proton–proton (p+p) and proton–nucleus (p+A) collisions, despite expectations that the volume and lifetime of the medium produced would be too small to form a QGP. Here we report on the observation of elliptic and triangular flow patterns of charged particles produced in proton–gold (p+Au), deuteron–gold (d+Au) and helium–gold (3He+Au) collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN = 200 GeV. The unique combination of three distinct initial geometries and two flow patterns provides unprecedented model discrimination. Hydrodynamical models, which include the formation of a short-lived QGP droplet, provide the best simultaneous description of these measurements. © 2018, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Gustav, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Non-exponential decay of a giant artificial atom
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2481 .- 1745-2473. ; 15:11, s. 1123-1127
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In quantum optics, light–matter interaction has conventionally been studied using small atoms interacting with electromagnetic fields with wavelength several orders of magnitude larger than the atomic dimensions1,2. In contrast, here we experimentally demonstrate the vastly different ‘giant atom’ regime, where an artificial atom interacts with acoustic fields with wavelength several orders of magnitude smaller than the atomic dimensions. This is achieved by coupling a superconducting qubit3 to surface acoustic waves at two points with separation on the order of 100 wavelengths. This approach is comparable to controlling the radiation of an atom by attaching it to an antenna. The slow velocity of sound leads to a significant internal time-delay for the field to propagate across the giant atom, giving rise to non-Markovian dynamics4. We demonstrate the non-Markovian character of the giant atom in the frequency spectrum as well as non-exponential relaxation in the time domain.
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| 7. |
- Awad, A. A., et al.
(författare)
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Long-range mutual synchronization of spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 13:3, s. 292-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spin Hall effect in a non-magnetic metal with spin-orbit coupling injects transverse spin currents into adjacent magnetic layers, where the resulting spin transfer torque can drive spin wave auto-oscillations. Such spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) hold great promise as extremely compact and broadband microwave signal generators and magnonic spin wave injectors. Here we show that SHNOs can also be mutually synchronized with unprecedented efficiency. We demonstrate mutual synchronization of up to nine individual SHNOs, each separated by 300 nm. Through further tailoring of the connection regions we can extend the synchronization range to 4 mu m. The mutual synchronization is observed electrically as an increase in the power and coherence of the microwave signal, and confirmed optically using micro-Brillouin light scattering microscopy as two spin wave regions sharing the same spectral content, in agreement with our micromagnetic simulations.
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| 8. |
- Awad, Ahmad, et al.
(författare)
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Long-range mutual synchronization of spin Hall nano-oscillators
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 13, s. 292-299
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spin Hall effect in a non-magnetic metal with spin–orbit coupling injects transverse spin currents into adjacent magnetic layers, where the resulting spin transfer torque can drive spin wave auto-oscillations. Such spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) hold great promise as extremely compact and broadband microwave signal generators and magnonic spin wave injectors. Here we show that SHNOs can also be mutually synchronized with unprecedented efficiency. We demonstrate mutual synchronization of up to nine individual SHNOs, each separated by 300nm. Through further tailoring of the connection regions we can extend the synchronization range to 4μm. The mutual synchronization is observed electrically as an increase in the power and coherence of the microwave signal, and confirmed optically using micro-Brillouin light scattering microscopy as two spin wave regions sharing the same spectral content, in agreement with our micromagnetic simulations.
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| 9. |
- Berrah, N., et al.
(författare)
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Femtosecond-resolved observation of the fragmentation of buckminsterfullerene following X-ray multiphoton ionization
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 15, s. 1279-1283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray free-electron lasers have, over the past decade, opened up the possibility of understanding the ultrafast response of matter to intense X-ray pulses. In earlier research on atoms and small molecules, new aspects of this response were uncovered, such as rapid sequences of inner-shell photoionization and Auger ionization. Here, we studied a larger molecule, buckminsterfullerene (C60), exposed to 640eV X-rays, and examined the role of chemical effects, such as chemical bonds and charge transfer, on the fragmentation following multiple ionization of the molecule. To provide time resolution, we performed femtosecond-resolved X-ray pump/X-ray probe measurements, which were accompanied by advanced simulations. The simulations and experiment reveal that despite substantial ionization induced by the ultrashort (20fs) X-ray pump pulse, the fragmentation of C60 is considerably delayed. This work uncovers the persistence of the molecular structure of C60, which hinders fragmentation over a timescale of hundreds of femtoseconds. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a substantial fraction of the ejected fragments are neutral carbon atoms. These findings provide insights into X-ray free-electron laser-induced radiation damage in large molecules, including biomolecules.
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| 10. |
- Blackburn, Elizabeth
(författare)
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Antiferromagnetism with a twist
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 15:7, s. 625-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A variety of magnetic structures based around ferromagnetic spin spirals have been the topic of intense study over the past decade. The discovery of spin spirals that arise from antiferromagnetic order has just broadened the horizons for magnetic possibilities even further.
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