| 1. |
- Abed Hussain, Tariq, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of the ground water flow in Karbala Governorate, Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - USA : Springer Nature. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The investigation region is found in the central part of Iraq within the of Karbala Governorate, where it is located in thewestern part of the Governorate and Lake Razaza in the north of the region, while in the western and southern part of theregion is Anbar Governorate and geographically (43° 10′ 25.7″, 43° 39″ 0.3″) longitude and (32° 10′ 25.7″, 32° 36′ 25.7″)latitude. The area of study is about 2400 Km2.The groundwater modeling system (GMS) v10.3 program was used for themodeling of ground water in the area containing about 22 wells distributed throughout the study area and the discharge ofthese wells ranges from 7 to 100 l/s and the rate of discharge of these wells up to 36 l/s. The model was initially operatedwithin a steady state and after obtaining a match between the models results with the initial values of groundwater levels,the results of this case were adopted as inputs to run the model within the unsteady state. The model was worked within thesight of the above wells for 3 years and the results of the operation indicate a decrease in groundwater levels ranging from2 to 21 m distributed uniformly throughout the study area.
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| 2. |
- Al Maliki, Ali A., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the groundwater suitability for irrigation near Al Kufa City and preparing the final water quality maps using spatial distribution tools
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - Germany : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 79:13, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many parts of the world, groundwater quality is decreasing due to urbanization industrialization and use of agricultures in rural areas. This subject has formed an urgent need to determine the suitability of groundwater for various purposes. The aim of this study is to determine a groundwater index for groundwater use for irrigation in agriculture. The study is carried out in an agricultural area; near Al Kufa city, North of Al Najaf province, Iraq. Many chemical variables are used in this model, including (total dissolved solids TDS, electrical conductivity EC, sodium Na, potassium K and iron Fe), in addition to some of the heavy metals (cadmium Cd, lead Pb, chromium Cr, and nickel Ni), that also added to the index. The weight’s parameters are determined using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and classified into five groups based on the human health significance of these parameters and negative effect on agriculture. The result of this study indicates that the water quality index (WQI) records values between (0 and 4.33), and in which the value of (2.16) represents the limit between unpolluted and polluted groundwater. This study confirms that all groundwater samples over the study area are suitable for agriculture. The final WQI values are exported to ArcMap environment to prepare the final WQI maps of study area.
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| 3. |
- Al‑Mamoori, Sohaib Kareem, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical analysis of the best GIS interpolation method for bearing capacity estimation in An-Najaf City, Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of an economical solution to predict soil behaviour is essential for new construction areas. This paper aims to investigate the ultimate interpolation method for predicting the soil bearing capacity of An-Najaf city-Iraq based on field investigation information. Firstly, the engineering bearing capacity was calculated based on the in-site N-SPT values using dynamic loading for 464 boreholes with depths of 0–2 m, using the Meyerhof formula. The data then were classified and imported to the GIS program to apply the interpolation methods. Four deterministic and two geostatistical interpolation methods were applied to produce six bearing capacity maps. The statistical analyses were performed using two methods: the common cross-validation method by the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), where the results showed that ordinary kriging (OK) is the ultimate method with the least RMSE and highest R2. These results were confusing so, the backward elimination regression (BER) procedure was applied to gain the definite result. The results of BER show that among all the deterministic methods, the IDW is the optimal and most significant interpolation method. The result of geostatistical methods shows that EBK is the best method in our case than the OK method. BER also applied to all six methods and shows that IDW is the ultimate significant method. The results indicate no general ultimate interpolation method for all cases and datasets type; therefore, the statistical analyses must be performed for each case and dataset.
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| 4. |
- Ardakani, Amir Hossien Hatefi, et al.
(författare)
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Selecting potential locations for groundwater recharge by means of remote sensing and GIS and weighting based on Boolean logic and analytic hierarchy process
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Nature. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 81:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Growing demand for water, as a consequence of population growth, farmland irrigation, and industrial expansion, results in groundwater resources exploitation. This, in combination with droughts induced by climate change, has caused a sharp drop in groundwater levels throughout arid and semiarid countries. In Iran, all these factors are resulting in alarming water scarcity. Appropriate management and control of existing water resources can overcome water shortages, with healthy and sustainable management of groundwater as one of the most efficient tools. Artificial recharge of aquifers can be used to replenish water supplies and restore the water resources in Iran and other semiarid and arid countries, but selection of the right location for runoff collection is essential to achieve success. Precipitation, slope, geology, lineament density, drainage density, aquifer water quality, groundwater level, vegetation, and land use were selected in this study as key factors in locating suitable sites for artificial recharge. The weight of each, in terms of importance and impact on aquifer recharge, was determined using remote sensing techniques to prepare layers and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Boolean logic to identify the optimal weight for each factor. Geographic information system (GIS) was used for modeling, applying the weight of each criterion, and producing a final map. The results showed better performance of AHP than Boolean logic. For artificial recharge, 9.9% of the total study area (Mahdishahr in northern Iran) was found to be in a very good position and 22.6% in a good position. On filtering the privacy layer of fountains and aqueducts, the very good and good area declined to 8.4% and 14.7% of the total area, respectively, and mainly comprised alluvial valleys and coarse alluvial sediments with low slope and drainage density.
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| 5. |
- Betterle, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Hyporheic exchange in recirculating flumes under heterogeneous bacterial and morphological conditions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyporheic exchange (HE) contributes to the biogeochemical turnover of macro- and micro-pollutants in rivers. However, the spatiotemporal complexity and variability of HE hinder understanding of its role in the overall functioning of riverine ecosystems. The present study focuses on investigating the role of bacterial diversity and sediment morphology on HE using a multi-flume experiment. A fully coupled surface–subsurface numerical model was used to highlight complex exchange patterns between surface water and the underlying flow field in the sediments. Under the experimental conditions, the surface water flow induced by bedforms has a prominent effect on both local trajectories and residence time distributions of hyporheic flow paths, whereas mean hyporheic retention times are mainly modulated by average surface flowrates. In case of complex bedform morphologies, the numerical model successfully reproduces the HE estimated by means of salt dilution tests. However, the 2D numerical representation of the system falls short in predicting HE in absence of bedforms, highlighting the intrinsic complexity of water circulation patterns in real scenarios. Finally, results show that higher bacterial diversities in the stream sediments can significantly reduce hyporheic fluxes. This work provides a framework to interpret micropollutants turnover in light of the underlying physical transport processes in the hyporheic zone. The study emphasizes the importance of better understanding the tradeoff between physically driven transport processes and bacterial dynamics in the hyporheic zone to quantify the fate of pollutants in streams and rivers.
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| 6. |
- Coluccio, K. M., et al.
(författare)
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Resolving groundwater sources to a coastal lagoon using major ions, nutrients and stable isotopes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal lagoons are important for ecological, cultural, economic and recreational reasons. Globally, they are subject to significant anthropogenic pressures. Our understanding of the importance of groundwater discharge into coastal lagoons for water and solute budgets is evolving, yet key gaps remain. This study resolves sources of groundwater seepage and estimates nutrient loads from direct groundwater discharge into a large hypertrophic coastal lagoon in New Zealand. We analysed major ions, stable water isotopes and nutrients in lagoon surface water, porewater, groundwater wells and springs. Groundwater and porewater samples split into two distinct groups: (1) inland samples that were MgHCO3 dominated with more negative delta H-2:delta O-18 ratios and lower ion concentrations, and (2) permeable barrier samples that were NaCl dominated with more positive delta H-2:delta O-18 ratios and higher ion concentrations. Porewater entering the lagoon is sourced from alpine river and rainfall recharge on the plains. Barrier porewater appears to be sourced from infiltration from the lagoon through the barrier and local rainfall. Despite higher nitrate in deeper groundwater wells, low nitrate in shallow porewater indicates potential denitrification before groundwater discharges to the lagoon. Our observations support efforts to restore and construct wetlands around the lagoon to remove nutrients. However, wetland restoration will need to be carried out by maintaining a balance between enhancing denitrifying conditions while preventing phosphorus release from sediments. Nutrient load calculations revealed that direct groundwater seepage to the lagoon provides similar to 3% of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and similar to 30% of dissolved reactive phosphorus compared to river inputs, indicating that groundwater discharge may play an important role in phosphorus transport to the lagoon.
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| 7. |
- Helali, Jalil, et al.
(författare)
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Forecasting precipitation based on teleconnections using machine learning approaches across different precipitation regimes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Nature. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 82:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Precipitation forecasts are of high significance for different disciplines. In this study, precipitation was forecasted using a wide range of teleconnection signals across different precipitation regimes. For this purpose, four sophisticated machine learning algorithms, i.e., the Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), the Multi-Linear Regression (MLR), and the Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM), were applied to forecast seasonal and annual precipitation in 1- to 6-months lead times. To classify precipitation regimes, precipitation was clustered using percentiles. The indices quantifying El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phasing showed the highest association with autumn, spring, and annual precipitation over the studied areas. The MLP and LSSVM algorithms provided satisfactory forecasts for almost all cases. However, our results indicated that the performance of LSSVM decreased in testing data, implying the tendency of this algorithm towards overfitting. The MLP showed a more balanced performance for the training and testing sets. Consequently, MLP seems best suited to be used for forecasting precipitation in our study area. The modeling algorithms provided less reliable forecasts for the regions corresponding to the 10–40th percentiles, mostly located in hyper-arid and arid environments. This underscores the inherent difficulty of precipitation forecasting in the hyper-arid and arid areas, wherein precipitation is very erratic and sparsely distributed. Our findings illustrate that clustering precipitation regimes to consider microclimate seems vital for reliable precipitation forecasting. Moreover, the results seem useful to design preventive drought/flood risk management strategies and to improve food-water security in Iran.
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| 8. |
- Ichikawa, Tsutomu, et al.
(författare)
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Earthquake effects on artificial groundwater recharge efforts in south Japan
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 79:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kumamoto area includes 11 municipalities and a population of about one million. The area represents the largest total use of groundwater in Japan. The main recharging area for this groundwater used to be paddy fields for rice production located along the mid-stream section of the Shirakawa River. In the past few decades, the area of paddy fields has rapidly decreased due to the Japanese government’s rice production adjustment policy and urbanization. In consequence, the groundwater recharge decreased from 656.2 million m3 in 1992 to 606.9 million m3 in 2006. Thus, groundwater recharge from paddy fields only might not be sufficient for groundwater demand in the future. For this reason, an artificial recharge system was established to increase groundwater recharge. In this study, we review the history of groundwater management and results of 14 years’ operation of a large-scale artificial groundwater recharge project in the Kumamoto area. We visualize the resilience of the groundwater management and recharge project by influence of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. It is shown that through an integrated approach of all societal groundwater stakeholders, a sustainable groundwater management can be achieved. The hydrological methods in this integrated approach quantify recharging groundwater volumes for different types of recharge fields by use of 170 local experimental observations. Results and experiences outlined in this paper can be used by planners and managers of dwindling groundwater resources to build resilient systems for groundwater recharge by involving all societal stakeholders through an integrated approach.
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| 9. |
- Islam, M. Shahidul, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity and source identification of pollutants in an urban river in Bangladesh
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 82:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban rivers in Asian developing countries are becoming increasingly polluted due to industrialization and lacking treatment of wastewater. We investigated toxicity and likely sources of pollutants for the urban Shitalakshaya River, Bangladesh. Physiochemical variables and heavy metals were examined in water and sediment of an urban river section in Narayanganj City. The spatial distribution of quality indices and cluster groups indicates that the river’s downstream urban-affected areas are the most contaminated. Water and sediment quality guidelines indicate that COD, TSS, Fe, Pb, Zn in water, and Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and particularly Pb and Cu in sediment, pose a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem and human health in the area. Correlation, principal component (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) indicate that the sources of Mn and Cd are geogenic, COD, TSS, Pb, Zn, Cu anthropogenic, and Fe, Ni, Co both geogenic and anthropogenic. The main anthropogenic pollution sources of the study area are municipal and industrial wastewater, boat and car traffic, runoff from agricultural areas, and stormwater runoff.
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| 10. |
- Kusturica, Annemie, et al.
(författare)
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LA-ICP-MS analysis of trace and rare-earth element distribution in calcite fracture fillings from Forsmark, Simpevarp and Laxemar (Sweden)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 81:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations and spatial distribution of trace elements in secondary minerals provide valuable information about mobility controlling processes in natural fractures. Important examples include rare-earth element contents that act as analogues for the retention of trivalent actinides such as Am/Cm or Pu(III). The secondary phases (carbonates) investigated in this study originate from exploration drilling bore cores of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company SKB (Forsmark, Simpevarp and Laxemar, Sweden). Here, high-resolution element analysis (Micro-X-ray Fluorescence-Spectrometry (mu XRF) and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)) is applied to scan for Na and the trace elements Mn, Fe, Sr, Pb, Th and U as well as the rare-earth elements Y, La, Ce and Yb associated with carbonate fracture fillings. High resolution element maps highlight growth zones and microstructures within the samples, which are not detected by the usual point and line measurements. Evidence of phase-dependent partitioning is observed. The partition coefficients, D, determined from formation water and carbonate data were compared to experimentally generated coefficients and values derived from a 17-year precipitation experiment carried out at the aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). Distribution coefficients of the light rare-earth elements La and Ce have been found to be relatively high in the studied samples, whereas the coefficients of distribution of Sr and U are remarkably low. Overall, the results of this work show that the secondary calcite formed in deep granitic fractures coprecipitated periodically with significant amounts of radionuclide analogues (i.e., rare-earth elements).
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