| 1. |
- Bernasconi, Valentina, 1989, et al.
(author)
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Mucosal Vaccine Development Based on Liposome Technology
- 2016
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In: Journal of Immunology Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-8861 .- 2314-7156.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Immune protection against infectious diseases is most effective if located at the portal of entry of the pathogen. Hence, there is an increasing demand for vaccine formulations that can induce strong protective immunity following oral, respiratory, or genital tract administration. At present, only few mucosal vaccines are found on the market, but recent technological advancements and a better understanding of the principles that govern priming of mucosal immune responses have contributed to a more optimistic view on the future of mucosal vaccines. Compared to live attenuated vaccines, subcomponent vaccines, most often protein-based, are considered safer, more stable, and less complicated to manufacture, but they require the addition of nontoxic and clinically safe adjuvants to be effective. In addition, another limiting factor is the large antigen dose that usually is required for mucosal vaccines. Therefore, the combination ofmucosal adjuvantswith the recent progress in nanoparticle technology provides an attractive solution to these problems. In particular, the liposome technology is ideal for combining protein antigen and adjuvant into an effective mucosal vaccine. Here, we describe and discuss recent progress in nanoparticle formulations using various types of liposomes that convey strong promise for the successful development of the next generation of mucosal vaccines.
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| 2. |
- Mattson, Lina, et al.
(author)
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Potential Involvement of Type I Interferon Signaling in Immunotherapy in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
- 2016
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In: Journal of Immunology Research. - : HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORP. - 2314-8861 .- 2314-7156.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Specific immunotherapy (SIT) reverses the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in most patients. Recent studies report type I interferons shifting the balance between type I T helper cell (Th1) and type II T helper cells (Th2) towards Th2 dominance by inhibiting the differentiation of naive Tcells into Th1 cells. As SIT is thought to cause a shift towardsTh1 dominance, we hypothesized that SIT would alter interferon type I signaling. To test this, allergen and diluent challenged CD4(+) T cells from healthy controls and patients from different time points were analyzed. The initial experiments focused on signature genes of the pathway and found complex changes following immunotherapy, which were consistent with our hypothesis. As interferon signaling involves multiple genes, expression profiling studies were performed, showing altered expression of the pathway. These findings require validation in a larger group of patients in further studies.
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| 3. |
- Sairafi, D, et al.
(author)
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Donor Cell Composition and Reactivity Predict Risk of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- 2016
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In: Journal of immunology research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-7156 .- 2314-8861. ; 2016, s. 5601204-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We designed a functional assay for assessment of individual risk for acute GVHD.Study Design and Methods. Blood samples were collected from patients and donors before HSCT. Two groups of seven patients each were selected, one in which individuals developed acute GVHD grades II–IV and one in which none showed any clinical signs of GVHD. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from donors were incubated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) with recipient PBMCs. The cells were characterized by flow cytometry before and after MLC.Results. Samples from donors in the GVHD group contained significantly lower frequencies of naïveγδT-cells and T-cells expressing NK-cell markers CD56 and CD94. Donor samples in this group also exhibited lower frequencies of naïve CD95+T-cells compared to controls. After MLC, there were dissimilarities in the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio and frequency of CD69+T-cells between the two patient groups, with the non-GVHD group showing higher frequencies of CD8+and CD69+T-cells.Conclusion. We conclude that a thorough flow cytometric analysis of donor cells for phenotype and allogeneic reactivity may be of value when assessing pretransplant risk for severe acute GVHD.
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| 4. |
- Wang, R. Y., et al.
(author)
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Effects of a Moderately Lower Temperature on the Proliferation and Degranulation of Rat Mast Cells
- 2016
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In: Journal of Immunology Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-8861 .- 2314-7156.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mast cells are traditionally considered as key effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. However, the roles of mast cells have also been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells are distributed in various organs and tissues of various species. Some of the organs and tissues, such as testis, skin, and the upper part of the respiratory tract, have a temperature that is lower than the body's core temperature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a lower temperature on the proliferation and degranulation of rat mast cells. Here, we demonstrate that cell growth was retarded at 35 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C for both rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) and RBL-2H3, a rat mast cell line. Furthermore, RPMC became more susceptible to degranulation at 35 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C. In contrast, degranulation of RBL-2H3 was not as sensitive to temperature change as RPMC. The functionality of mast cells in unique organs with a lower temperature warrants further analysis.
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