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| 2. |
- Amiri, V., et al.
(författare)
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The hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources and their suitability for agricultural and industrial uses in an arid area of Iran
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hydrogeochemical and quality status of groundwater resources in Yazd province, the central plateau of Iran, has been investigated. The most common water type, followed by chemical facies in this study area, is Cl type (with 50.46%) and Na–Cl facies (47.71%), respectively. Besides, the most samples with industrial and agricultural uses show the Cl type and Na–Cl hydrochemical facies. The position of samples on the Gibbs and van Wirdum diagrams indicate that the water-rock interaction and dissolution of evaporites are the main controlling process of water chemistry. Distribution of samples based on Na/Cl vs. EC, Ca + Mg vs. SO4 + HCO3, and Na–Cl vs. Ca + Mg–SO4–HCO3 highlight the significant role of direct ion exchange in water chemistry change. The water quality for agricultural use is assessed based on some indices including EC, Na%, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), and Wilcox diagram. In general, the water quality for irrigation purposes is mainly excellent to permissible. The water quality assessment for industrial purposes is performed using some indices including Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Larson-Skold Index (L-SI), Puckorious scaling index (PSI), and total hardness (TH). Based on these indices, most groundwater samples have mild to high potential to corrode the equipment and pipelines.
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| 3. |
- Ijumulana, Julian, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial uncertainties in fluoride levels and health risks in endemic fluorotic regions of northern Tanzania
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial uncertainty caused by large-scale variation in fluoride (F-) occurrence remains a setback for water supply authorities in the F- belts of the world. It is estimated that approximately 80 million people in the East African Rift Valley (EARV) regions and volcanic areas exhibit a wide variety of fluorosis symptoms due to drinking water with F- concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/L (WHO guideline limit). In this study, we combined geostatistical techniques, spatial statistical methods, and geographical information systems (GIS) to (i) map the probable places with F- < 0.5 mg/L and F- > 1.5, 4.0 and 10.0 mg/L using probability kriging (PK) method, (ii) estimate the probable total population at high or low F- risk levels using univariate local Moran's I statistic, and (iii) map the spatial distribution of population at high and low F- risk levels in Manyara, Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions using GIS. It was predicted that places along the major and minor EARV mountain ranges and around the flanks of major stratovolcanoes were dominated by groundwater sources with extremely low F-(<<0.5 mg/L). In contrast, places within EARV graben were dominated by groundwater sources with F- > 1.5 mg/L. About 1 million people (similar to 20% of the total population) living around Mt. Kilimanjaro in Rombo, Moshi, and Mwanga districts are at high dental caries risk. Furthermore, it was estimated that about 2 million people (similar to 41% of the total population) in Siha, Hai, Arusha City, Hanang', Arusha, Simanjiro, and Meru districts are at high risk of dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. Fluorosis, especially dental and crippling fluorosis, is an increasing disease burden at the community level due to prolonged consumption of F- contaminated water within EARV graben. The major findings of the present study are very crucial for authority to minimize the uncertainty caused by high spatial variability in geogenic F- occurrence.
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| 4. |
- Kareem, Sabreen L., et al.
(författare)
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Water quality assessment and phosphorus effect using water quality indices : Euphrates River- Iraq as a case study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier. - 2352-801X. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most rivers in developing countries are facing water contamination problem. Therefore, saving water quality by complying with the industrial, drinking, and agricultural allowable standard limits has been difficult. This study aims to assess Shatt Al-Kufa water quality as one branch of the Euphrates River by calculating three types of water quality indices in two cases, excluding and including the phosphate (PO4) consentration, as it was the parameter that most met the standard. The used water quality indices are the Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI) and the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI). Fifteen parameters were analyzed, including pH value, Biological Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Orthophosphate, Sulphate, Nitrate, Alkalinity, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen, Calcium and Total Dissolved Solids. The results show that the average WAWQI for three stations, including PO4, were 33.79, 43.75 and 37.62, which is good water. However, in excluding PO4, the water quality was characterized as very poor depending on the resulting values (86.62, 88.86 and 91.91, respectively). The CCMEWQI values for three stations were 63.83, 60.40 and 55.69, including PO4, so the water quality was fair and marginal. According to OWQI, the water quality for three stations was very poor in two cases since the OWQI value less than 59. Pearson correlation shows a good link, especially total hardness and total dissolved solids with salt.
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| 5. |
- Krishan, Gopal, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrences of potentially toxic trace metals in groundwater of the state of Punjab in northern India
- 2021
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Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In present study, a total of 275 representative water samples (263 groundwater, 8 canal water, 2 samples from Sutlej River and 2 samples from Buddha Nala) were collected and analysed. The sampling was carried out in the month of August, September, and October of 2019. These samples were analysed for the Arsenic (As-total), Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb). The result found that 3.8 % of the analysed groundwater samples have As concentrations above acceptable limit (10 mu g/L) and similar to 0.38 % samples exceeded the permissible limit of 50 mu g/L. Iron concentration exceeded the acceptable limit of 0.3 mg/L for drinking water in similar to 14.83 % groundwater samples. The mean concentration of iron was found 252 mu g/L and 3810 mu g/L for groundwater and canal water, respectively. It was observed that some samples have concentrations more than acceptable limits in the cities of Ludhiana, SBS Nagar, Rupnagar, SAS Nagar districts and in parts of Mansa, Amristar and Gurdaspur districts of the state of Punjab. Iron was found exceeding the permissible limit in the villages like, Moran wara (Firozepur), Churian (Firozepur), Manewal (Ludhiana), PandKhokhan (Muktsar) and Pakki Kalan (Faridkot).
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| 6. |
- Maity, Jyoti Prakash, et al.
(författare)
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Seven 21st century challenges of arsenic-fluoride contamination and remediation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F) are two commonly occurring geogenic contaminants in groundwater environment, causing a range of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic adverse health effects worldwide. Several studies have been conducted in past and many are ongoing to address As and F contamination issue of natural water. This special issue is conferring in recent times one of the emerging fields of science regarding co-occurrences of multi-contaminants within a given system and associated health risks. This special issue is divided into three sections. Section I deals with the occurrence and co-existence of As, F, and trace elements (TE) in the environment. As and F occurrence [including trace elements (TEs)] in groundwater at a global scale (example: India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Ghana, and Iran, etc.) has been highlighted (Section I). The geological, and anthropogenic factors affecting As and F contamination have been observed. The state-of-art, removal techniques for As and F have been discussed. Section II and Section III incorporate all the advanced removal methods for As and F, respectively. Arsenic and F removal comprises assessing natural remediation potential (phytoremediation) including different advanced absorbents. The new findings published here, bring together a wide range of new insights on As and F behavior in the groundwater environment.
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| 7. |
- Sayeed, A., et al.
(författare)
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Handwashing with soap : A concern for overuse of water amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 13, s. 100561-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Handwashing is one of the vital public health measures. It helps to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, water overuse during hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on may put enormous pressure on the already overstretched groundwater resources and households’ economic well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the overuse of water while scrubbing hands with soap for handwashing when the tap is on amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Sociodemographic data were collected using a web-based survey tool among 1980 participants and an experiment was conducted among 126 participants to estimate the overuse of water during hand scrubbing while the tap is on. A total of 80% of the participants washed their hands regularly after returning home from outside. About 57.3% of participants did not turn off their tap throughout the handwashing process. A single participant, who kept his tap on throughout the handwashing process, overused approximately 1.7 L of water per handwash and 14.9 L of water per day. Hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on, raised the overuse of water 13-fold during this pandemic compared to the non-pandemic situation which cost an extra 225.0 BDT (2.7$) per day for 1980 participants. Minimize the speed of tap, using automatic taps, and using taps operated by legs might be an effective solution to reduce the water overuse. Furthermore, behavioral change interventions are needed to aware people turn off the tap during hand scrubbing with soap.
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| 8. |
- Thakur, B. K., et al.
(författare)
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Arsenic in drinking water sources in the Middle Gangetic Plains in Bihar : An assessment of the depth of wells to ensure safe water supply
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the depth of tubewell and the associated concentration of arsenic (As) in drinking water within the arsenic-affected regions in Bihar, India. A survey of 935 tubewell from two As-contaminated blocks in Bihar were conducted to collect and test the water samples. The results demonstrate that As concentration is mainly found in shallow tubewells (14–49 m deep), which is the main source of drinking water in the region in deep tubewells (>49 m deep), have arsenic concentration < 50 μg/L. The analytical results by field test kits (FTK) revealed that the levels of As in around 61% of the drinking water sources were above 10 μg/L, 20.8% samples contained arsenic 51-<100 μg/L, 16.9% contained 101-<300 μg/L, and 5.03% of the samples contained arsenic between 300 and 500 μg/L. Iron test results showed that around 74.4% of the samples contained iron at more than the prescribed 500 μg/L level of WHO. The study also revealed a general lack of awareness about the drinking water contamination and its associated health impacts. Therefore, awareness through various channels among the affected stakeholders will be helpful for the households to change their water sources (Saha et al., 2019).
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