| 1. |
- Al-Bahrani, Hussein Shakir, et al.
(författare)
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Groundwater detection and classification using remote sensing and GIS in Najaf, Iraq
- 2022
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier. - 2352-801X. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the shortage of fresh surface water caused by climate change, groundwater has become a vital water supply for household, agricultural, and industrial use. Alternative methods for determining groundwater depth, amount, and quality at a lower cost and less effort are critical. This study aims to determine the depth and kind of groundwater in Najaf City, Iraq, using Aqua detector remote sensing device. Thirty-nine sample locations were chosen in rural and urban regions to cover the city’s 441.23 square kilometres. Five geographic models of groundwater depth and type were created using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method in ArcGIS software. The results indicate that groundwater is available across the study region, beginning at 100 m and lower depths. Additionally, it has been found that the nature of groundwater fluctuates with the location and depth. The findings of this study aid in selecting wells locations and depths in the study region that generate maximum quality and quantity of groundwater.
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| 2. |
- Bhatnagar, Shailesh, et al.
(författare)
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Delineation of aquifers favorable for groundwater development using Schlumberger configuration resistivity survey techniques in Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir, India
- 2022
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Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary goal of this research is to demarcate aquifers favorable for groundwater development in the border district of Rajouri, in the Union Territory of Jammu, and Kashmir, in order to secure a long-term water supply. The Schlumberger configuration resistivity survey technique Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is used to investigate the characteristics of the subsurface layer and the potential of groundwater by using 30 VES sites in order to establish the optimum sites for digging a successful borehole for the qualitative and quantitative in-terpretations in the study area. It is determined that real resistivity values of subsurface geoelectric layers less than 35 Ohm m indicate the existence of finer sediments, whilst moderate resistivity values ranging from 35 to 100 Ohm m suggest the presence of coarser sediments favorable for groundwater development. The resistivity value between 100 and 200 Ohm m indicates weathered formation, 200-400 Ohm m, indicates fractured rock and more than 400 Ohm m represents hard formation which is devoid of any kind of groundwater development. The bedrock resistivity, nature of the curve, and overburden thickness are the parameters utilized to choose a good site for drilling tests. Based on the criteria, it was determined that nine VES sites (VES-2, VES-3, VES-4, VES -6, VES-17, VES-18, VES-19, VES-28, and VES-30) are appropriate for the installation of a tube well for irrigation and domestic purposes. The 8 sites (VES-14, VES-15, VES-20, VES-21, VES-22, VES-23, VES-24, and VES-27) were not suitable because of compact formation and harder rocks whereas the 13 VES sites (VES-1, VES-5, VES-7, VES-8, VES-9, VES-10, VES-11, VES-12, VES-13, VES-16, VES-25, VES-26, VES-29) are partially suitable for groundwater development and only suitable for personal uses such as hand pump of shallow depth.
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| 3. |
- Irunde, Regina, et al.
(författare)
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Arsenic in Africa : Potential sources, spatial variability, and the state of the art for arsenic removal using locally available materials
- 2022
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Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 18, s. 100746-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past two decades, several studies on arsenic (As) occurrence in the environment, particularly in surface and groundwater systems have reported high levels of As in some African countries. Arsenic concentrations up to 10,000 mu g/L have been reported in surface water systems, caused by human activities such as mining, industrial effluents, and municipal solid waste disposals. Similarly, concentrations up to 1760 mu g/L have been reported in many groundwater systems which account for approximately 60% of drinking water demand in rural Africa. Naturally, As is mobilized in groundwater systems through weathering processes and dissolution of As bearing minerals such as sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite), iron oxides, other mineralized granitic and gneissic rocks, and climate change factors triggering As release in groundwater. Recently, public health studies in some African countries such as Tanzania and Ethiopia have reported high levels of As in human tissues such as toenails as well as in urine among pregnant women exposed to As contaminated groundwater, respectively. In urine, concentrations up to 150 mu g/L were reported among pregnant women depending on As contaminated drinking water within Geita gold mining areas in the north-western part of Tanzania. However, the studies on As occurrence, and mobilization in African water systems, as well as related health effects are limited, due to the lack of awareness. The current study aims to gather information on the occurrence of As in different environmental compartments, its spatial variability, public health problems and the potential remediation options of As in water sources. The study also aims at creating awareness of As contamination in Africa and its removal using locally available materials.
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| 4. |
- Kishor, Kamal, et al.
(författare)
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Sources, spatio-temporal distribution and depth variations in groundwater salinity of the semi-arid Rohtak district, Haryana, India
- 2022
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 18, s. 100790-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater salinity was evaluated in the Rohtak district of the state of Haryana in northwestern India. The groundwater samples were collected from 82 villages of the district. Both post-monsoon and pre-monsoon samplings were carried out for two consecutive years (2017-2019). A total of 620 samples in the four seasons (155 in each season) were collected under strict QAs and QCs from APHA. The co-existing hydro-chemical parameters of salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined. ArcGIS 10.5 was used for spatiotemporal distribution evaluation. Groundwater salinity values between 0.20 and 8.00 parts per thousand (ppt) were obtained. Hand pump water is more saline (0.3-7.5 ppt) than bore-well (0.2-1.8 ppt) and dug-well water (0.6-1.3 ppt), thus limiting the options for viable water sources. Higher groundwater salinity in the post-monsoon season as compared to pre-monsoon season was observed. Groundwater salinity in the Rohtak district decreases in the order: Lakhan-Majra < Meham < Rohtak < Sampla < Kalanaur. Safer groundwater salinity levels were found in deep bore wells (>20 m) versus shallow bore wells (<20 m). Thus, this study evaluates the spatio-temporal and depth variations in groundwater salinity of Rohtak district. Possible remedial measures for salinity problems are proposed.
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| 5. |
- Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba, et al.
(författare)
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Groundwater fluoride contamination in Ghana and the associated human health risks : Any sustainable mitigation measures to curtail the long term hazards?
- 2022
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Ingår i: GROUNDWATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 16
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reviewed groundwater fluoride and the associated human health risks in Ghana. The physical and chemical properties of fluorine that make it soluble in the soil and aquifer materials were carefully reviewed. The pathways through which fluoride gets into groundwater were also reviewed. Fluoride concentrations in groundwater can be as high as 67 mg/L. Its natural concentration in water depends largely on the nature of the geologic formations; fluoride-bearing minerals, anion exchange capacity of aquifer materials (OH- for F-), pH, temperature and residence time of waters within a particular formation. High F- concentrations in groundwater are due to geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The fluorosis endemic parts of Ghana are only restricted to northern Ghana, where elevated groundwater fluoride concentrations (0.05-13.29 mg/L) in the North East Region, Northern Region, Upper East Region, and surrounding communities have been reported. The elevated groundwater fluoride concentrations are as a result of intense water-rock interaction, ion exchange reactions, and mineral dissolution from the Bongo Granitoids and Voltaian sediments. Children in the fluorosis endemic parts of Ghana are exposed to the intake of more fluoridated water than the other age groups and thus, children have higher non-carcinogenic risks. Although, almost all the age groups show evidence of dental fluorosis, children are the hypersensitive population. It is recommended that sustainable defluoridation methods such as adsorption, precipitation, membrane separation and ion exchange techniques be employed to curtail the menace of dental fluorosis.
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| 6. |
- Thakur, B. K., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of socioeconomic factors on households’ willingness to pay for arsenic-free safe drinking water - A case study of Bihar, India
- 2022
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper studies the impact of socioeconomic factors on households' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for drinking water in Bihar, India. The data were collected from 420 households through a primary survey from two arsenic affected districts. A linear regression model was used to examine the causal relationship among various socioeconomic factors and their influence on household decision to pay for water services. Around 84% of the surveyed respondents were willing to pay for better-quality water sources. Households value the good water quality, which resulted in good health, and, therefore, influenced the household decision to pay and opt for the services. Average As concentration level were found to be 130.4 μg/L and 115.2 μg/L in 2013 and 2019, respectively. The results found that socioeconomic factors that influence overall WTP are: households' income, age, education, awareness, arsenic concentration levels, and visit to the doctor. Education of the household's head and awareness are interlinked, and more education causes a shift in water sources from poor quality to safer one. WTP for better-quality drinking water were estimated through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The annual WTP for the individual households and for the study area were estimated at INR 240 ($4.13) and INR 17.1 ($0.29) million, respectively. The inference of the results may be used in implementing of new policies for providing arsenic free drinking water in the affected areas.
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