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- Beckman, Ludvig, 1970-
(författare)
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Democracy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780190228637 - 0190228636
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Democracy is a term that is used to denote a variety of distinct objects and ideas. Democracy describes either a set of political institutions or an ideal of collective self-rule. Democracy can also be short for a normative principle of either legitimacy or justice. Finally, democracy might be used to denote an egalitarian attitude. These four uses of the term should be kept distinct and raises separate conceptual and normative issues.The value of democracy, whether democratic political institutions or democratic self-rule, is either instrumental, non-instrumental, or both. The non-instrumental value of democracy derives either from the alleged fairness of majority rule or from the value of the social relationships enabled by participation in democratic procedures. The instrumental value of democracy lends support from a growing body of empirical research. Yet, the claim that democracy has a positive causal effect on public goods is inconclusive with respect to the moral justification of democratic institutions. Normative reasons for democracy’s instrumental value must instead appeal to the fact that it contributes to equality, liberty, truth, or the realization of popular will.Democracy as a principle of either political legitimacy or justice is a normative view that evades concerns with the definition and value of democracy. Normative democracy is a claim about the conditions either for legitimacy or justice of either public authority or coercion. Debates in normative democracy are largely divorced from the conceptual and empirical concerns that inform studies of democracy elsewhere.The boundaries of the people entitled to participate in collective decisions is a question that applies to all four uses of democracy. The boundary question raises three distinct issues. The first is the extent of inclusion required among the members of the unit. The second is if membership in the unit is necessary for inclusion or if people that are not recognized as members are on certain conditions also entitled to participate. The third and final issue concerns the boundaries of the unit itself.
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| 2. |
- Hedin, Astrid
(författare)
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Communist state administrative structures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. - Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. - 9780190228637 ; , s. 1-31
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents some core structural–organizational principles of communist state administration and gives empirical examples of how they were — and are — expressed in practice. The administrative structures and institutional traditions of communist regimes constitute a family or type, where affnities to the original Soviet model are strong.The administrative doctrines of unity of power, socialist legality, cadre management, and the so-called nomenclature model of administrative control were developed by the former Soviet Union, where the nomenclature system was instituted in 1922. With Soviet military and ideological expansion, the Soviet model then spread across the globe.At its high point in the late 1980s, almost 30 Marxist-Leninist regimes existed on four of Earth’s five continents: Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central America. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, almost all of the states formerly occupied or mentored by it transitioned from communism. In the 21st century, five countries still count as largely communist in their administrative structure: China, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba, and North Korea.
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