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- Jansson, Jan Owen, et al.
(författare)
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Pricing public transport services
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of research methods and applications in transport economics and policy. - Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9780857937926 - 9780857937933 ; , s. 260-308
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter aims at outlining pricing policy for public transport that maximizes the social surplus, that is, the sum of the producer surplus and the consumer surplus, while internalizing possible system-external costs. It starts by presenting the door-to-door transport cost as a key concept in price theory for public transport, and then first principles of optimal pricing valid for all modes of public transport are laid down. These principles are applied to urban (short-distance) public transport in sections 13.2–13.5 and to inter-urban (long-distance) public transport in section 13.6. Section 13.7 summarizes the methodological conclusions.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, 1952-
(författare)
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Congestion and scarcity in scheduled transport modes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Transport Economics and Policy. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9780857937926 ; , s. 134-153
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Congestion is a familiar concept within the road sector, first and foremost since it provides a very hands-on and frequent experience for many drivers. Analytically, congestion is an external effect within the collective of drivers in so far as the marginal driver causes extra time for those already in the system without necessarily taking this into account. This is the basis for a proactive policy towards congestion, designed in order to ascertain an optimal mix of pricing and investment principles to handle the imbalance between supply of and demand for roads. The meaning of congestion, in modes where scheduling is a prerequisite for operations, differs from the definition of congestion in the road sector. There are furthermore both similarities and differences in the way in which congestion manifests itself when comparing different scheduled modes. In the railway sector the presence of high demand means that there are not tracks available to cater for the wishes of all railway operators, or that some must adjust their demand for access in order to cater for the demand from one or more other operators. As a consequence, services may not commence without operators having been allocated a slot long before a train is about to leave. We will characterise this as a scarcity problem which is solved by constructing a timetable that can be advertised to travellers well beforehand.
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