| 1. |
- Alm, Erika, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Parenting the nation : state violence and reproduction in Nicaragua and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Struggles for reproductive justice in the era of anti-genderism and religious fundamentalism. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783031312595 - 9783031312625 - 9783031312601 ; , s. 213-240
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproduction is a core question for the state, a site of struggle between the reproduction of the nation and the reproduction of liveable lives, especially for those citizens whose rights are rarely recognized in the first place. What role does the exceptionalisation of reproductive rights play in the reproduction of the nation-state? Nicaragua and Sweden are countries where debates about reproductive justice highlight tensions in the projection of a state that cares for its citizens. Nicaragua, the second-poorest country in the Western hemisphere with one of the most repressive and punitive legislations on abortion in the world. Sweden with its reputation as a pioneering nation in matters of gender equality and reproductive justice. This chapter draws on a particular formulation of the centrality of the state in theories and practices of reproductive justice: the notion of the state as a parent with a particular responsibility to protect and foster, but also discipline and subjugate, its citizens. Political leaders, Fathers and Mothers of the Nation, form the discourse within which the state regulates its imagined children’s, the citizens, reproductive rights. As such the governance of reproduction is a vital aspect of the political fantasy about the nation-state and its futuriority.
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| 2. |
- Bucardo, Filemón, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in DC-SIGN, Toll-Like Receptor 3, and Tumor Necrosis Factor a Genes and the Lewis-Negative Phenotype With Chikungunya Infection and Disease in Nicaragua
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 223:2, s. 278-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundChikungunya infections range from subclinical infection to debilitating arthralgia and to chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3–grabbing nonintegrin), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, and blood groups have been directly or indirectly implicated in the susceptibility and pathogenesis of chikungunya.MethodsTo test the hypothesis that polymorphisms in genes coding for these molecules determine clinical outcomes of chikungunya infection, a retrospective case-control study was performed in León, Nicaragua. The study included 132 case patients and 132 controls, matched for age, sex and neighborhood. Case patients had clinical symptoms of chikungunya, which was diagnosed by means of polymerase chain reaction. Controls were individuals not reporting abrupt presentation of clinical chikungunya-like symptoms. Polymorphisms were identified by TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays.ResultsAfter adjustment for sociodemographic risk factors, chikungunya disease was associated with polymorphism in DC-SIGN and TLR3 genes (odds ratios, 5.2 and 3.3, respectively), and TNF-α with reduced persistent joint pain (0.24). Persistent joint pain was also associated with age, female sex and other comorbid conditions. Most interestingly, the Lewis-negative phenotype was strongly associated with both symptomatic chikungunya and immunoglobulin G seropositivity (odds ratios, 2.7, and 3.3, respectively).ConclusionThis study identified polymorphisms in DC-SIGN, TLR3, and TNF-α genes as well as Lewis-negative phenotype as risk factors for chikungunya infection and disease progression.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Linda, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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A conversation about the state in pandemic times : Necropolitics and the legacy of social democracy in Sweden and Nicaragua
- 2021
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Ingår i: Kulturella perspektiv - Svensk etnologisk tidskrift. - : Publicera, Kungliga Biblioteket. - 1102-7908 .- 2004-0288. ; 30:2-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Established ideas about state responsibility and state violence are placed in a new light in times characterized as states of emergency. The following conversation addresses the role of the state in the safeguarding of public health, taking its departure in media debates and political debates about state responsibility in two countries that have been criticized for not taking strong enough measures to protect the very futuriority of the nation in times of a pandemic Sweden and Nicaragua. Both countries have been castigated for avoiding total lockdown and for having taken a passive approach to what Wendy Brown has called “the political management of the virus” (Brown 2020). At the same time, the rhetoric used to describe their respective strategies has differed vastly in dialogue we explore notions about governance, biopolitics and necropolitics as they are articulated and negotiated in national contexts that claim the label social democracies. One of the points of departure is that while the response to Covid-19 is often described in war metaphors, and hence as a state of emergency, the unjust and unequal distribution of life and death is by no means exceptional.
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| 4. |
- Vielot, Nadja A., et al.
(författare)
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First Episodes of Norovirus and Sapovirus Gastroenteritis Protect Against Subsequent Episodes in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort
- 2022
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Ingår i: Epidemiology. - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 33:5, s. 650-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Norovirus and sapovirus cause a large burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. We assessed protection conferred by norovirus and sapovirus AGE episodes against future episodes.Methods: Between June 2017 and July 2018, we recruited 444 newborns in León, Nicaragua. Weekly household surveys identified AGE episodes over 36 months, and AGE stools were tested by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for norovirus genogroup (G)I/GII and sapovirus. We used recurrent-event Cox models and negative control methods to estimate protection conferred by first episodes, controlling for observed and unobserved risk factors, respectively.Results: Sapovirus episodes conferred a 69% reduced hazard of subsequent episodes using the negative control method. Norovirus GI (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31, 1.3) and GII (HR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.04, 0.44) episodes also appeared highly protective. Protection against norovirus GII was enhanced following two episodes.Conclusions: Evidence of natural immunity in early childhood provides optimism for the future success of pediatric norovirus and sapovirus vaccines.
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| 5. |
- Bowman, Natalie M., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Acute Zika Virus Infections in Leon, Nicaragua
- 2021
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Ingår i: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. - 0002-9637 .- 1476-1645. ; 105:4, s. 924-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The American Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has highlighted the need to gain a better understanding of this emerging virus. The goal of this study was to describe the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and risk factors for symptomatic ZIKV infection in an area with ongoing transmission of other arboviral infections. We recruited patients at least 2 years of age seeking care at public health centers in Leon, Nicaragua, between January 2016 and August 2017, for fever, maculopapular rash, and/or nonsuppurative conjunctivitis with a duration of less than 1 week. A laboratory diagnosis of ZIKV was established using a combination of molecular and serological tests. Clinical and laboratory findings and potential risk factors were compared between participants with and without acute ZIKV infection. Fifty-eight (26%) of the 225 participants included in the analysis were found to have acute ZIKV infection. Pregnancy and reports of previous arboviral infection were associated with a higher risk of ZIKV infection. Rash, conjunctivitis, sore throat, and lower absolute neutrophil counts were associated with acute ZIKV infection. The clinical characteristics and risk factors identified were consistent with those identified by previous studies; however, we found sore throat to be a feature of ZIKV infection. We also found that neutrophil counts were lower in ZIKV-infected subjects. These clinical symptoms and laboratory datamay help clinicians suspect ZIKV infection during future outbreaks.
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| 6. |
- Ouattara, Syna, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Établir l’innocence ou la culpabilité dans les affaires de sorcellerie contemporaines.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Revue Korhogolaise des Sciences Sociales. ; 4:2, s. 45-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cet article jette un regard comparatif sur les accusations de sorcellerie et la divination contemporaines en Côte d’Ivoire et au Nicaragua. Il se focalise sur la manière dont les supposées sorcières/sorciers sont détectées, dont l’innocence ou la culpabilité est établie dans les cas de pratiques de sorcellerie, et dont la sorcellerie est comprise et traitée. En Côte d’Ivoire plusieurs groupes socio-culturels, pratiquent souvent des rites de « l’interrogation du cadavre », appelé aussi « port de cercueil » afin de déceler les causes et éventuellement l’auteur de la mort, si celle-ci paraît comme provoque par des pratiques de sorcellerie. Au Nicaragua, les actes de sorcellerie sont établis, et les sorcières sont identifiées, par des guérisseurs qui peuvent utiliser des miroirs, des boules de cristal, des plantes spirituellement « activées » et divers objets dans le cadre du processus divinatoire. L’article montre que, dans les deux ca d’études, dans les faits de pratiques de sorcellerie, la divination est une partie importante du processus judiciaire et de réconciliation coutumière.
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| 7. |
- Karlén, Niklas
(författare)
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Changing Commitments : Shifts in External State Support to Rebels
- 2022
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Ingår i: Civil Wars. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1369-8249 .- 1743-968X. ; 24:1, s. 73-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The provision of external state support to non-state armed groups in civil wars is a dynamic process. The calculus of state sponsors varies over time, which means that assistance provided to the armed opposition fluctuates. While we know much about the initiation of external support and its effects, we know less about why state sponsorship changes over time. To address this, I propose a theoretical argument that can account for policy adjustments over time. The theory builds on the notion that leaders change their support commitment when there is adverse feedback and that support increases as long as the causes of policy failure can be attributed to external actors, while cutbacks occur when failure is attributed to the state sponsor’s own actions. Process-tracing is used to illustrate the value of this framework in a within-case analysis of the United States’ support commitment to the armed opposition in Nicaragua in the 1980s. The study demonstrates the utility of focusing on shifts in leaders’ perceptions and domestic attribution processes rather than structural features of the international system or rebel behavior to understand temporal variation in external support.
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| 8. |
- Larsson, Frida M., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring sexual awareness and Decision-making among adolescent girls and boys in rural Nicaragua : A socio-ecological approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare. - : Elsevier. - 1877-5756 .- 1877-5764. ; 31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To explore how individual, relational, and social contexts influence adolescents' sexual awareness and decision-making in rural Nicaragua.METHODS: Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescent boys and girls aged 15 to 19 years. Thematic analysis identified patterns of meaning applying a socio-ecological approach. A thematic map illustrates how the themes are organized according to the socio-ecological model and suggests their interactions.RESULTS: Six main themes emerged as (1) Adolescence - a period of life changes, (2) Fears as a pathway to awareness and decision-making, (3) Awareness about protective measures, (4) Relational influences on adolescents' sexual health, (5) Service provision and institutional influences on awareness and decision-making and (6) Sociocultural determinants on adolescent sexual health. Informants of both genders expressed concern in several issues of their sexuality. They identified fear of pregnancy, STIs, and their impact on future goals, family communication, and school-based sexual education as protective factors for their sexual decision-making. Adolescents of both genders are challenging social and cultural norms by developing sexual agency.CONCLUSION: These findings imply that personal and societal factors in rural Nicaragua produce a multi-dimensional effect on adolescent sexual self-efficacy. Our study is relevant for a wider discussion about sexual awareness to promote positive development and health outcomes particularly among adolescents' girls and boys living in rural settings.
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| 9. |
- Velasquez Atehortua, Juan, 1963
(författare)
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Att gestalta Chthulucenen - Om hur kvinnor stärker släktbanden med havssköldpaddor i Nicaragua : Performing the Chthulucene – on how women strengthen kinship with sea turtles in Nicaragua
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tidsskriftet Antropologi. - : Det Kgl. Bibliotek/Royal Danish Library. - 0906-3021 .- 2596-5425. ; :83, s. 65-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies how women’s caring roles in the Nicaraguan fishing village of Padre Ramos, are extended even to turtles. As such, it reminds Donna Haraway’s fictive figures and metaphors about the kind of small critters predominant during the chthulucene, the era when humans strengthen their kinship with all other life forms to live and die better together on earth. Padre Ramos is visited annually by hawksbill turtles to lay their eggs. As the species is threatened with extinction, the village adopted the turtles as its flagship species, then transiting from hunting to caring for turtles. Although the villagers were the most vital link to save the turtles, they lived under constant threat to die out as a community or be evicted from the nature reserve. Through a ten-day anthropological action with video power, the author follows the women’s rhizovocality when they decided to occupy an unused centrally located plot in the village to build a playground with turtles as the central theme. Through this action, the women’s acted like „small critters” that bit into the compost of authorities’ rotten moral practices while reusing old car tires, logs, and pallets in the construction. Thus, the playground became a monument to the village’s new kinship with the turtles, the women’s roles as a healing force in the nature reserve as much as in the moral account. The situation highlighted how current efforts to stop the massive extinction of species are being conducted in deep power conflicts. The chthulucene is necessary but also marked by conflicts of interest.
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| 10. |
- Ellsberg, Mary, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to change: Three decades of feminist research and activism to end violence against women in Nicaragua
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Public Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-1692 .- 1744-1706. ; 17:11, s. 3142-3159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of nearly three decades of partnershipbetween feminist researchers and activists to prevent violence againstwomen and girls (VAWG) in Nicaragua. A household survey conductedin 1995 in León, the country’s second-largest city, revealed that 55 percent of women had experienced lifetime physical intimate partnerviolence (IPV), and 27 per cent had experienced IPV in the last 12months. The study results were instrumental in changing domesticviolence laws in Nicaragua. A follow-up study in 2016 found a decreaseof 63 per cent in lifetime physical IPV and 70 per cent in 12-monthphysical IPV. This paper examines possible explanations for thereduction, including the policy reforms resulting from feministadvocacy. We compare risk and protective factors for physical IPV, suchas changes in women’s attitudes towards violence, their use of services,and knowledge of laws, using data from both the 1995 and 2016surveys, as well as three waves of Demographic and Health Surveys. Weconclude that the decline in IPV can be partially attributed to the effortsof the Nicaraguan women’s movements to reform laws, provide servicesfor survivors, transform gender norms, and increase women’sknowledge of their human rights.
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