| 1. |
- Harvey, Simon, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Energy market scenarios for evaluating energy efficiency measures in industrial energy systems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 2nd World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. 10-14 May, 2004, Rome, Italy. - 8889407034 ; , s. pp 2170-2173
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be a major driver when designing or retrofitting industrial process energy systems in the future. Energy system investments often have a long lifetime, thus assessing the economic and climate change impact of such projects is usually difficult, given the fluctuations of fuel and electricity prices. Further uncertainty arises when costs resulting from energy policy instruments aiming at reducing GHG emissions (e.g. CO2 taxes) must be taken into account. The goal of this paper is to transfer knowledge from the field of energy market and energy systems forecasting to the area of industrial energy systems. Based on an analysis of results from a number of energy market forecasting projects, several energy market scenarios are presented that cover a wide range of possible evolutions of the Nordic energy market. The scenarios can then be used to gain a better understanding of the long term economic and climate change consequences of different energy system projects at a given process site. This project was undertaken with the aim of developing tools for evaluating energy system options in the pulp and paper industry, thus particular emphasis is placed on developing pricing models for biofuel.
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| 2. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Linking process integration and energy market scenarios to evaluate biomass saving measures at pulp mills
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings, 2nd World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection. 10-14 May, 2004, Rome, Italy. - 8889407034 ; , s. pp 2202-2205
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a methodology to analyse total system costs and CO2 emission consequences for energy efficiency measures at a process plant when biofuels are saved and sold on the energy market. Process integration measures and energy market scenarios are linked for a rational treatment of for example electricity prices, fuel prices, and policy instruments. Promising process integration measures are analysed using a set of energy scenarios in order to cover different possible future developments. For each scenario marginal biomass utilisation and marginal electricity production is identified, assuming that a process integration measure is a distortion to the baseline defined by each scenario. The scenarios used emanate from a large energy market model covering the Nordic countries from 1995 to 2050. The methodology is applied to a pulp plant located in Sweden. Results show that there are several options to find in-house process integration measures at pulp mills to increase biofuel market supply at competitive costs. Even so, CO2 emission consequences for the measures are very dependent on scenario used. In some cases CO2 emissions may even increase.
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| 3. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972
(författare)
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Process Industry Energy Projects in a Climate Change Conscious Economy
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most industrial process plants consume large amounts of energy (usually in the form of steam and electricity) to produce demanded goods, such as beer or paper. However, combustion of fossil fuels has negative external effects on the Earths climate. In a climate change conscious economy such externalities can be addressed through incentive-based policy instruments. As a result, fossil fuel prices can be expected to increase, as well as prices for electricity and climate change neutral fuels such as biofuel. Many studies have shown the substantial potential for energy savings in process plants. Most process plants are energy market actors as a result of e.g. on-site electricity cogeneration, delivery of excess heat to district heating networks, or trading on emerging biofuel markets. Thus, energy projects at process plants will be affected by climate policy. This thesis addresses the issue of evaluating process industry energy projects given an uncertain, but climate conscious, development of the energy market. The perspective of industrial decision-making applies primarily. The main emphasis is put on development of analysis methods and tools, including classification of influencing parameters, systematic energy market scenario approaches, system boundary considerations, cost-effectiveness graphical tools for CO2 reduction assessment, and a biofuel price-setting model adopting a constant electricity-to-biofuel price ratio for the Nordic countries. The thesis includes several applied studies conducted considering the Nordic energy market and its assumed climate conscious future development. The results show that energy projects in process plants can be cost-competitive compared to other measures for reducing CO2 emissions in the Nordic countries. The results for specific studies of pulp mill energy systems indicate that biofuel saving measures in pulp mills are both economically competitive and robust and thus entail only a small risk with respect to uncertain development of future climate policy. It should, however, be noted that total CO2 emissions associated with pulp mill biofuel savings may increase or decrease depending on the future development of the Nordic energy market. For industrial combined heat and power (CHP) the results are complex. The applied studies illustrate the importance of choice of emissions baseline for electricity and/or biofuel usage for determining the total CO2 emissions consequences of energy projects.
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| 4. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Process industry energy retrofits: the importance of emission baselines for greenhouse gas reductions
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. ; :32, s. 1375-1388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractFuel combustion for heat and/or electric power production is often the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsfrom an industrial process plant. Economically feasible options to reduce these emissions include fuel switching and retrofitting theplants energy system. Process integration methods and tools can be used to evaluate potential retrofit measures. For assessing theGHG emissions reduction potential for the measures considered, it is also necessary to define appropriate GHG emission baselines.This paper presents a systematic GHG emission calculation method for retrofit situations including improved heat exchange,integration of combined heat and power (CHP) units, and combinations of both. The proposed method is applied to five differentindustrial processes in order to compare the impact of process specific parameters and energy market specific parameters. Forpotential GHG emission reductions the results from the applied study reveal that electricity grid emissions are significantly moreimportant than differences between individual processes. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that for sustainableinvestment decision considerations a conservative emission baseline is most appropriate. Even so, new industrial CHP in theNorthern European energy market could play a significant role in the common effort to decrease GHG emissions.
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