| 1. |
- Alatalo, Mikael C D, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of the position control of a permanent magnet sensorless drive
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2nd International Electric Drives Production Conference, EDPC 2012, Nuremberg,15 through18 October 2012. - 9781467330060 ; :Article number 6425100, s. 1-5
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sensor less position control of a permanent magnet motor has been implemented. The permanent magnet motor is made with interior magnets and concentrated windings. The 4-pole machine can produce 0.4 Nm of continuous torque and have a top speed of 2000 rpm. The peak torque is 0.8 Nm and the system DC-link voltage is 24 V. Sensorless control is utilised with signal injection during low speed operation and at higher speed the induced emf is used for tracking the rotor angle. The estimated rotor angle is used for positioning an ordinary FOC, (Field Oriented Control). The performance of the system is simulated, including FEM-calculated values of saturated flux in d-and q-axes. Cascaded regulators for the speed and the position make it possible to control the mechanical position of the machine. Tests on the real application show a position error of 30 electrical degrees. In this case it corresponds to +/-15 degrees on the mechanical shaft. © 2012 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Gracia-Marco, Luis A., et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal variation in physical activity and sedentary time in different European regions. The HELENA study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Routledge. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 31:16, s. 1831-1840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report aims (1) to examine the association between seasonality and physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in European adolescents and (2) to investigate whether this association was influenced by geographical location (Central-North versus South of Europe), which implies more or less extreme weather and daylight hours. Valid data on PA, sedentary time and seasonality were obtained in 2173 adolescents (1175 females; 12.5-17.5 years) included in this study. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometers. ANCOVA was conducted to analyse the differences in PA and sedentary time across seasons. Results showed that girls had lower levels of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and average PA, and spent more time in sedentary activities in winter compared with spring (all P < 0.05). Stratified analyses showed differences in PA and sedentary time between winter and spring in European girls from Central-North of Europe (P < 0.05 for sedentary time). There were no differences between PA and sedentary time across seasonality in boys. In conclusion, winter is related with less time spent in MVPA, lower average PA and higher time spent in sedentary activities in European adolescent girls, compared with spring. These differences seem to mainly occur in Central-North Europe.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, H-C, et al.
(författare)
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Black carbon — Possibilities to reduce emissions and potential effects
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present report emerge from the Swedish EPA project ?Black carbon — possibilities to reduce emissions and potential effects? to obtain an overall assessment of the opportunities and costs for reducing emissions of "soot" (black carbon - BC) in Sweden and its effects on health, ecosystems and climate. The basic analytical methods and techniques are described and reviewed. Existing and upcoming standards are described. The national BC emission inventory has been evaluated through a thorough basic review of the underlying data and processes as well as comparison with other inventories. The report identifies scientific and technological needs (such as methods for emission estimates and emission measurement) needed to implement mitigation measures and assess its impact.The following major conclusions emerge from this report concerning BC and Organic Carbon (OC);Standardized sampling, measurement and analytic methods for BC and OC are underway. Some major networks have already developed standardized methods giving high quality data. A more general standardization will ensure comparability between networks. So future measurements will have less uncertainty and data should be comparable. However this also means that historic data always shall be used with caution. The total BC and OC emissions reported by different inventories agree fairly well, e.g. results from the GAINS scenario estimates and national inventory agree within 30 — 40 % but estimates of major source types can differ with more than a factor 2. This must be investigated as such errors can affect the mitigation policy. Investigations have been started.There is a great need for national projections for 2020 and 2030 for BC but also the other related climate forcing air pollutants.Other climate forcing air pollutants are besides BC and other particle components and ozone. Besides that they affect climate they have a short life time in the atmosphere, thus called Short Lived Climate Forcing compounds (SLCF). Included in the SLCFs are also methane as it affects ozone chemistry even though it has an intermediate atmospheric life time. Inventories and projections on national policy implementation plans have to be developed keeping in mind that climate and health effects depend not on one component only, e.g. soot but rather a mix of different components. The climate effects can be best reduced by a decrease of CO2 and SLCF, while health effects can be reduced by reduced emissions of particles and ozone precursors. The inventories thus have to include the emissions of all these components for all available reduction technologies to facilitate the development of the best abatement strategy. The analysis shows that all techniques involving combustion should be reviewed concerning emissions of all mentioned components.It is clearly shown that regulation of SLCF can give co-beneficial effects on climate, health and ecosystem. However it cannot replace the abatement of long-lived climate forcers but rather increase the climate response to the abatements. The reductions needed for 2050 and beyond have to be large. Combustion is the basic process in the major common sources 6 for CO2, O3-precursors and particles including BC. Combustion has to be questioned as a part of future sustainable transport systems, energy and heat production.The Swedish abatement costs for different SLCF abatement options varied strongly, in the hypothetical scenarios. However the same abatement options show up as the most cost effective in all scenarios. The three most cost effective options covered about 30% of the present emissions. The most cost effective measures found, e.g. decreasing BC emissions from power production and renewing of domestic fuel wood boilers, are found to be in the same range as CO2 ETS price projected for Sweden in 2020. The cost estimates were in line with other studies. Still, the measures studied represent only a very small fraction of all options available to reduce BC emissions. The cost effectiveness of more alternatives in both the mobile and stationary sectors should be assessed. Fuel efficiency improvements, fuel shifts, as well as scrapping schemes are all potentially interesting options. In conclusion, the options analyzed in this study are found to be effective complements, both from health and climate point of view.
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| 4. |
- Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P-L, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity in patients receiving adjuvant docetaxel plus hormonal treatment after radical radiotherapy for intermediate or high-risk prostate cancer : a preplanned safety report of the SPCG-13 trial
- 2012
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Ingår i: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1365-7852 .- 1476-5608. ; 15:3, s. 303-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Radical radiotherapy (RD combined with androgen deprivation therapy is currently the standard treatment for elderly patients with localized intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer (PC). To increase the recurrence-free and overall survival, we conducted an adjuvant, randomized trial using docetaxel (T) in PC patients (Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group trial 13). METHODS: The inclusion criteria are the following: men > 18 and <= 75 years of age, WHO/ECOG performance status 0-1, histologically proven PC within 12 months before randomization and one of the following: T2, Gleason 7 (4 + 3), PSA > 10; T2, Gleason 8-10, any PSA; or any T3 tumors. Neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormone therapy is mandatory for all patients. The patients were randomized to receive six cycles of T (75 mg m(-2) d 1. cycle 21 d) or no docetaxel after radical RI (with a minimum tumor dose of 74 Gy). This study identifier number is NTC 006653848 (http://www.clinicaltrials.org). RESULTS: In this preplanned safety analysis of 100 patients, T treatment induced grade (G) 3 adverse events (AEs) in 15 patients (30%) and G4 AEs in 30 patients (60%), mainly due to bone marrow toxicity. Neutropenia G3-4 was observed in 72% of the patients, febrile neutropenia was found in 24% of patients, neutropenic infection in 10% of patients and G3 infection without neutropenia in 4% of patients. Nonhematological G3 AEs were rare: anorexia, diarrhea, mucositis, nausea, pain (1 patient each) and fatigue (5). Other severe serious AEs related to T were pulmonary embolism and renal failure. However, only three patients discontinued T before completing the planned six cycles. No deaths had occurred. No patients in the control arm experienced G3-4 toxicities at 12 weeks after the randomization. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy after radiotherapy has a higher frequency of neutropenia than previous studies on patients with metastatic disease. Otherwise, the treatment was quite well tolerated.
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| 5. |
- Reischer, G. H., et al.
(författare)
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Performance Characteristics of qPCR Assays Targeting Human- and Ruminant-Associated Bacteroidetes for Microbial Source Tracking across Sixteen Countries on Six Continents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 47:15, s. 8548-8556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous quantitative PCR assays for microbial fecal source tracking (MST) have been developed and evaluated in recent years. Widespread application has been hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the geographical stability and hence applicability of such methods beyond the regional level. This study assessed the performance of five previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, cattle-, or ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes populations on 280 human and animal fecal samples from 16 countries across six continents. The tested cattle-associated markers were shown to be ruminant-associated. The quantitative distributions of marker concentrations in target and nontarget samples proved to be essential for the assessment of assay performance and were used to establish a new metric for quantitative source-specificity. In general, this study demonstrates that stable target populations required for marker-based MST occur around the globe. Ruminant-associated marker concentrations were strongly correlated with total intestinal Bacteroidetes populations and with each other, indicating that the detected ruminant-associated populations seem to be part of the intestinal core microbiome of ruminants worldwide. Consequently tested ruminant-targeted assays appear to be suitable quantitative MST tools beyond the regional level while the targeted human-associated populations seem to be less prevalent and stable, suggesting potential for improvements in human-targeted methods.
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| 6. |
- Åström, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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A particle based simulation model for glacier dynamics
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 7:5, s. 1591-1602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A particle-based computer simulation model was developed for investigating the dynamics of glaciers. In the model, large ice bodies are made of discrete elastic particles which are bound together by massless elastic beams. These beams can break, which induces brittle behaviour. At loads below fracture, beams may also break and reform with small probabilities to incorporate slowly deforming viscous behaviour in the model. This model has the advantage that it can simulate important physical processes such as ice calving and fracturing in a more realistic way than traditional continuum models. For benchmarking purposes the deformation of an ice block on a slip-free surface was compared to that of a similar block simulated with a Finite Element full-Stokes continuum model. Two simulations were performed: (1) calving of an ice block partially supported in water, similar to a grounded marine glacier terminus, and (2) fracturing of an ice block on an inclined plane of varying basal friction, which could represent transition to fast flow or surging. Despite several approximations, including restriction to two-dimensions and simplified water-ice interaction, the model was able to reproduce the size distributions of the debris observed in calving, which may be approximated by universal scaling laws. On a moderate slope, a large ice block was stable and quiescent as long as there was enough of friction against the substrate. For a critical length of frictional contact, global sliding began, and the model block disintegrated in a manner suggestive of a surging glacier. In this case the fragment size distribution produced was typical of a grinding process.
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