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- Havtun, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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The Green Room : A Giant Leap in Development of Energy-efficient Cooling Solutions for Datacenters
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sustainability in Energy and Buildings. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642366444 ; , s. 743-755
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, promoting energy-efficient solutions will have a strong return on investment not only economically but also socially and environmentally. As an added value to economic savings, the carbon footprint of the companies will be reduced and contribute to slowing down the environmental degradation and global warming. The IT-sector is no exception in this aspect. Swedish-Finnish Company TeliaSonera has taken a giant leap in the development of energy reduction by introducing the Green Room Concept which combines not only an energy-efficient cooling production but also an efficient way of distributing the cooling air flow inside the room. Both of these technologies will reduce the energy needed for cooling the equipment on their own, but combining them ensures a very energy-efficient datacenter. Although geothermal cooling or free-cooling would be the preferred choice for cooling production, it is dependent on the geographical location and climate conditions of the site, and investment potential of the company and hence not a possible solution in all cases. For these cases, the Green Room can be installed with a conventional chiller-based cooling production and still reduce the energy consumption. The main feature of the Green Room concept is that the air coolers are installed along the length of the room parallel to the cabinet rows which will minimize the air flow complications in the cold aisle. This delivers cold air to the cabinet in a straight flow path to the racks and hence avoids the conventional raised floor to deliver cold air. One of the downsides of raised floor air-distribution is that it usually suffers from maldistribution of cooling air meaning that some racks suffer from inadequate cooling. The improved air flow distribution of the Green Room concept consequently leads to a more efficient cooling system. By carefully ensuring that no cold air bypasses the racks, any unwanted mixture of hot and cold air is also eliminated. In conventional datacenters, this problem usually occurs because proper hot/cold aisle separation is often neglected during construction. Furthermore, while many conventional datacenters face numerous problems as a result of messy cablings both inside and outside of the cabinets, the Green Room concept has managed to resolve these issues thanks to an effective cable management. The research method in this project was to conduct a series of experimental tests to collect as much necessary data as possible. During tests, temperatures inside the cold and hot aile were monitored and recorded. Special emphasis was put on measuring the temperature distribution in the cold aisle as the temperatures reflect the air distribution. Afterwards, the parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of the system were calculated and in some parts, simulated. Finally, the results were compared with other equivalent data and measurement from other datacenters and conclusions were made based on them. In addition to quantitative results based on a variety of calculations, the qualitative characteristics of this approach are also included to provide the readers with a better outlook on the system while being compared to other solutions currently available for datacenters. To assess the energy efficiency of a datacenter, critical measures such as Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), defined as the total site power consumption divided by the power consumption of the IT-services, as well as the Coefficient of Performance (COP), defined as the power consumtion of the IT-services divded by the power consumtion needed to operate the cooling system. Results show that the PUE with room operational temperature of 22.5 °C can be as low as 1.05 for for a Green Room with geothermal cooling production, 1.11 for free-cooling, and 1.50 for chiller-based cooling production using old chillers and 1.32 for chiller-based cooling production using modern and more advanced chillers as compared to a PUE of 2.0 for a typical raised floor datacenter.
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| 5. |
- Fukuhara, Mari, et al.
(författare)
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SATB2 is expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma
- 2016
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Ingår i: Archives of Dermatological Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-3696 .- 1432-069X. ; 308:6, s. 449-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive skin cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. With immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells stain for both neuroendocrine (i.e., synaptophysin and chromogranin A) and epithelial markers. The epithelial marker cytokeratin 20 (CK20) stains positive with immunohistochemistry in a vast majority of MCCs. The expression of the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein (SATB2) was analyzed in MCC (n = 20) together with other forms of skin cancer and neuroendocrine tumors (n = 51) using immunohistochemistry. The results were compared to the expression of CK20, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A. The majority of the MCCs stained positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin A (95 vs 80 % respectively), and 75 % of the MCCs showed cytoplasmic positivity for CK20 and nuclear positivity for SATB2, with two discordant cases lacking expression of one of these markers. We conclude that immunohistochemistry for SATB2 can be used as an additional marker with similar sensitivity and specificity as CK20 for the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma, suggesting a clinical utility in difficult cases where MCC is suspected.
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| 6. |
- Charalambous, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Content of Orthopedic Patient Education Provided by Nurses in Seven European Countries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Clinical Nursing Research. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1054-7738 .- 1552-3799. ; 27:7, s. 770-789
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients and their significant others education during the perioperative phase is an important and challenging aspect of care. This study explored the content of education provided by nurses to arthroplasty patients and their significant others. Data were collected with the Education of Patients-NURSE content (EPNURSE-Content), Received Knowledge of Hospital Patient (RKhp), and Received Knowledge of Significant Other (RKso) scales. The results showed that the content of education emphasized biophysiological and functional needs, differed between countries, and was related to how physically demanding nurses found their job to be and the amount of education provided. There is congruence between the received knowledge of patients and their significant others in relation to the content of education provided by nurses. The findings can support nurses in developing aid material for patients and significant others explaining the nature of education and advising them what to expect and how to optimize their participation in the process.
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