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- Adamopoulos, Stergios, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of packaging grade papers from recycled raw materials through the study of fibre morphology and composition
- 2007
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Ingår i: Global NEST. International Journal. - : Global NEST Journal. - 1108-4006. ; 9:1, s. 20-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The restrictions in availability of forest-based raw materials along with favourable environmental policies towards alternative sources of raw materials have forced corrugated packaging industry to shift towards recycled paper and other fibre sources such as non-wood and agro-residues. The variability in raw pulp materials with increasing percentages of recycled fibres is a very common technical problem for the corrugated packaging industry worldwide. Corrugating packaging production is facing the challenge to ensure a satisfactory strength of packages despite the increase of recycled paper as the main fibrous component. Sustainable manufacturing of papers of consistent and acceptable quality requests comprehensive characterization of the fibrous components, which are becoming more heterogeneous. Understanding the influence that heterogeneous recycled raw materials have on packaging grade paper properties offers great potential value to the corrugated board and packaging industry.57 linerboards and corrugating medium were selected to represent all the variety of paper grades available on the market at the moment for the production of corrugated board in Spain. The papers were analyzed for their fibre morphology (fibre length, fibre width, lumen diameter, cell wall width and flexibility) and fibre composition (softwood to hardwood and nonwood fibre count and weight) and their strength (compression, bursting and crushing resistance) was evaluated. All the determinations were in accordance with the relevant TAPPI Test Methods. The significant differences found in most of the anatomical characteristics, fibre composition and strength properties among the paper grades reflected the diverse raw materials used for their production as well as their qualitative differences. By means of simple correlation the influence of fibre characteristics and composition on the strength of the papers was determined under two different conditions, at 23 o C and 50% RH and at 20 o C and 90% RH.The results demonstrate that besides the physical-mechanical characterization of packaging grade papers, fibre anatomy and composition can be used successfully as a complementary practical test to predict the performance of papers. The application of the predicting correlations is proposed for the evaluation of the fibre supplies for the packaging industry. An enormous potential for cost reduction can be created by the selection of the most appropriate and inexpensive combination of grade papers for a specific packaging use
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- Adamopoulos, Stergios
(författare)
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Fiber analysis techniques for sustainable manufacturing of corrugated board and packaging
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2006 Naxos International Conference on Sustainable Management and Development of Mountainous and Island Areas. - : Democritus University of Thrace. - 9608934508 - 9789608934504 ; , s. 1-9
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental – economic pressure and associated regulations have led to a significant increase of recycled paper as the main fibrous component of corrugated board the last years. Corrugating packaging industry is facing the challenge to enhance products derived from recycled pulp and to ensure a satisfactory strength of packages. Advanced techniques are highly needed for the evaluation of packaging fiber supply sources as well as for the utilization of the available resources in an optimal manner. As industrial packaging is based on the characteristics of its constituent fibers, information on the fiber composition of the recycled raw materials is of primary importance for a continual control of fiber sources. This paper reports on the usefulness of fiber analysis techniques as diagnostic methods for assessing the potential quality distribution of fibers for sustainable packaging manufacturing.
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- Adamopoulos, Stergios, et al.
(författare)
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Fiber composition of packaging grade papers as determined by the Graff “C” staining test
- 2006
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Ingår i: Wood and Fiber Science. - : Society of Wood Science and Technology. - 0735-6161. ; 38:4, s. 567-575
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fiber components of 15 representative papers that are used for the production of corrugated board was carried out by the Graff "C" staining test. The method of processing of softwood, hardwood, and nonwood fibers was determined under a light microscope by their color reactions with the stain. All papers, due to the use of recycled pulp raw materials in their manufacturing, were found to incorporate in their furnish fibers that had been produced with a variety of pulping processes: chemical, mechanical, and semi-mechanical. The recycled-based papers (recycled-liner and recycled-medium) were proved to be the most variable comprising 12-15 different fiber components, while in some of the semi-chemicals only up to 7 components were identified. The weight percentages of the fiber components calculated by the application of weight factors showed that in almost all papers the most important fiber component from a quantitative standpoint was hardwood unbleached kraft followed by softwood unbleached kraft. Besides hardwood unbleached semi-chemical pulp and mechanical softwood pulp that were also plentiful in the papers, there was a smaller number of other components which sum, however, accounted for a significant fraction in the total furnish weight. The results taken on the total softwood, hardwood, and nonwood fibers content of the papers demonstrate that Graff "C" staining test is adequate to analyze both the structure and quality of packaging grade papers in practical industrial testing.
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- Adamopoulos, Stergios
(författare)
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Identification of Fibre Components in Packaging Grade Papers
- 2006
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Ingår i: IAWA Journal. - : Brill Academic Publishers. - 0928-1541 .- 2294-1932. ; 27:2, s. 153-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental and economic issues have led to a significant increase of recycled paper as the main fibrous component of corrugated board the last years. Qualitative data on the different fibre types are needed for the evaluation of packaging fibre supply sources, which are becoming numerous and heterogeneous. Fifteen different packaging grade papers (7 linerboards and 8 corrugating medium) were selected to represent all the variety of papers available on the Spanish market. The origin of virgin and recycled fibres was identified by their morphological characteristics employing light microscopy and standard fibre analysis techniques. The waste-based papers (Waste based-liners and Fluting), Kraft-liners and Test-liner were highly variable containing 9–18 different wood and nonwood components. Semi-chemical, with 5–13 components, was the less variable grade. Hardwoods were identified as the most important fibre component from a quantitative standpoint. All papers contained in their hardwood mix Betula, Eucalyptus and Populus in significant amounts. Fagus sylvatica and Tilia were also frequently observed and in some papers were amongst major hardwood components. Prominent softwood components were found to be Pinus sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. radiata, Picea, Larix and in some papers Pinus nigra. The lower presence of a variety of softwood, hardwood and nonwood (mainly grasses) species and genera was due to the paper recycling process.
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- Adamopoulos, Stergios, et al.
(författare)
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Qualitative and quantitative fibre analysis in recycled raw materials for packaging
- 2006
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Ingår i: Forest products journal. - : Forest Products Society. - 0015-7473. ; 56:2, s. 58-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the influence that heterogeneous recycled raw materials have on packaging-grade paper performance offers great potential value to the corrugated board and packaging industry. Fifty-seven linerboards and corrugating medium were selected to represent all the variety of paper grades available on the Spanish market at the moment for the production of corrugated board. The origin of softwood, hardwood, and nonwood fibers and their percentages by weight were determined with light microscopy and standard fiber analysis techniques.
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