| 1. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Case study: 128 injured in rollover coach crashes in Sweden - injury outcome, mechanisms and possible effects of seat belts.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 44:2, s. 87-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The risk for injuries in rollover coach crashes are dependent on whether the occupants are belted or not. However, the influence of the different belt systems for reducing injuries has remained unclear. Since many injuries sustained are caused by impacts with the interior, passenger interactions or ejection through a window, the advantages by proper seat belt systems are evident. In this study, representing the most common serious crash scenario for serious injury, 128 injured in rollover cases were analysed with regard to the injury outcome, mechanisms and the possible injury reduction for occupants when using a safety belt. Furthermore, the different belt systems were compared to explain their contribution to increased safety. Based on medical reports and questioning of the passengers, the injuries sustained are recorded according to the AIS classification. The next step was the identification of the injury mechanisms, using the passenger statements as well as results from numerical occupant simulations. It is important to mention that this study was purely focused on detection of the injury mechanism to avoid the reported injuries. The possibility of additional injuries due to the wearing of a belt were not taken into account. However, the analysis of the 128 injured showed a considerable increase in safety for belted occupants through limiting interior contacts, minimising passenger interaction and reducing the possibility of ejection.
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| 2. |
- Albertsson, Per, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Differential locomotion of long- and short-term IL-2-activated murine natural killer cells in a model matrix environment.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475 .- 1365-3083. ; 66:4, s. 402-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tumour infiltration by activated natural killer (A-NK) cells is a pre-requisite for tumour eradication by adoptive NK cell transfer. Extravasated A-NK cells do not always succeed in reaching the crucial target cell conjugation. Therefore, we wished to study A-NK cell locomotion and interactions with melanoma cells in a matrix environment (Matrigel) by electron, confocal and fluorescence microscopy. Two distinct patterns of A-NK cell-mediated matrix disintegration were revealed during incubation of tumour cells and A-NK cells in Matrigel: (1) A-NK cells pre-cultured for 5 days altered the homogeneous texture of the Matrigel, an initial microporous appearance became a loose filamentous meshwork by 24 h. Matrix degrading protease inhibitors could not fully prevent this, but could delay the process; and (2) A-NK cells pre-cultured for 6 days or more, instead formed large excavations in the Matrigel leaving the remaining matrix less affected compared to the effects by the younger A-NK cells. By histochemical staining with Cupromeronic Blue, the excavations were shown to contain proteoglycan material. Protease inhibitors had no discernable effect on the development of the excavations. The conspicuous capacity of A-NK cells to disintegrate extracellular matrix and the formation of large excavations seems only partially to depend on matrix-degrading proteases. Formation of extracellular proteoglycan material is suggested to facilitate A-NK cell locomotion within a matrix environment.
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| 3. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, 1958-
(författare)
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Occupant casualties in bus and coach traffic : injury and crash mechanisms
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The relevance of conducting this thesis is evident by the fact that bus and coach casualties have been “stubbornly stable” in Europe recent years and a need for investigating if a similar trend could be found in Sweden is therefore obvious. It was also important to add new knowledge to the bus and coach research in Sweden, since many areas were scarcely addressed. Aims: To describe bus and coach occupants’ injuries, crash and injury mechanisms generated in a traffic environment based on data from the medical sector. Additional aims were to investigate the injury reducing effect of a 3-point belt, the effect of cross-winds, and crucial factors in the emergency- and rescue response. Material and methods: Injury data analyses were based on a complete ten-year medical data set from a catchment-area with about 130,000 inhabitants. A number of crash studies with the scope in different crash phases were conducted by applying and elaborating the Haddon matrix as a framework. An additional framework, Protocol for Major Incidents was used in order to investi-gate the emergency- and rescue response to a severe coach crash. Results: Between the first and second five-year period, the incidence of injured in non-crash in-cidents was increased by 24%. In non-crash incidents, 54% were injured; 2/3 while alighting from a bus or coach. The pre-crash factor cross-wind, in addition to vehicle design, vehicle speed and road friction, was investigated in ten crashes. It was confirmed that cross-wind, in relation to vehicle speed and slippery road conditions, needs more attention. The importance of goods load-ing and passengers’ position in the bus, was indicated by the fact that a displacement of the cen-tre of mass rearwards with 10% increased the necessary coefficient of friction with, on average 45%, which in many cases corresponded to dry road conditions. Three Swedish rollover crashes were analysed with regard to the injury outcome, mechanisms and the possible injury reduction for occupants using a safety belt. A considerable increase in safety for occupants belted with 3-point belts was shown through limiting interior contacts, occupant interaction and the possibility of ejection. Crucial post-crash factors in the emergency- and rescue response showed that ordi-nary ways of working and equipment are not always useful and proper equipment for lifting a coach body is essential in the case of a rollover. Finally, the communication between the hospitals is important, and the telephone systems may be overloaded by calls from worried relatives and media. Conclusions: In non-crash events: Non-crash events constitute a majority of all bus and coach casualties with a high proportion of elderly female occupants among the MAIS 2+ injury cases. Boarding and, especially alighting causes many injuries to the lower extremities. In the pre-crash phase: Cross-winds do affect the safety of buses and coaches and requires more at-tention. Seat belt usage among bus and coach occupants has to be increased. In the crash phase: Rollover and ejection are the major causes behind serious and fatal injuries to bus and coach occupants, consequently, retentive glazing, pillars or rails need more attention. An upgrade from 2-point seat belts to 3-point seat belts yields an increase in the estimated injury re-duction from approximately 50% up to 80% for the MAIS 2+ casualties in a rollover crash. In the post-crash phase: In order to be able to lift a coach body proper equipment originated from experience and development is essential in a rescue operation of a crashed bus or coach. Fur-thermore, to improve the emergency response inside crashed coaches proper methods originated from experience need to be developed. Euro NBAP: Based on the results and conclusions generated in this thesis, a European New Bus and Coach Assessment Programme is suggested, which would provide bus and coach occupants with a assessment programme similar to the Euro NCAP.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Björn, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Decrease in adiponectin levels correlates to growth response in growth hormone-treated children.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Hormone research. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0046 .- 0301-0163. ; 71:4, s. 213-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adiponectin is secreted by adipose tissue and circulates in human plasma at high levels. Decreased adiponectin levels are associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in serum adiponectin levels are related to the growth response, insulin levels and insulin resistance during growth hormone (GH) treatment.
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| 8. |
- Björnstig, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Injury events among bus and coach occupants - Non-crash injuries as important as crash injuries
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences: Research. - 0386-1112. ; 29:1, s. 79-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A ten year complete data set from the health sector, comprising 284 injured bus and coach occupants from a well defined area, was analyzed. The annual injury incidence was 2 per 10,000 inhabitants, 3/4 were women. In non-crash incidents, 54% were injured; 2/3 while alighting from a bus or coach. In crashes, 46% were injured; 2/3 in collisions with other vehicles and 1/3 in single vehicle crashes. During October-March, 3/4 were injured. In two single vehicle mass casualty crashes in slippery road conditions, high built coaches were hit by so high cross wind forces that they were blown off the road. This crash mechanism has received little attention earlier. Of those injured in collisions with other vehicles, 78% were injured in collisions with other heavy vehicles. Slippery conditions contributed to half of the alighting injuries. The proportion of moderate or more serious injuries (MAIS 2+) was highest in single vehicle crashes (48%) and in alighting and boarding (43%) incidents, and was lowest (5%) in collisions. Every seventh injured was treated as an in-patient on average in five days. Non-crash victims consumed 57% of all in-patient days. Conclusions: The aerodynamic cross-wind factor merits more studies. Injury reducing measures against alighting injuries, addressing especially step height and slippery conditions, may have a great potential to reduce these injuries. Rear-end collisions by other heavy vehicles in urban areas, causing a high number of “whip-lash" injuries, also need to be further addressed. The newly introduced law on compulsory seat belt use in long distance coaches may have a potential to reduce single vehicle crash and some collision injuries.
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| 9. |
- Björnstig, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Injury events among bus and coah occupants
- 2005
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Ingår i: IATSS research : journal of International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences. - 0386-1112. ; 29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Edsparr, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Human NK cell lines migrate differentially in vitro related to matrix interaction and MMP expression.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Immunology and cell biology. - : Wiley. - 1440-1711 .- 0818-9641. ; 87:6, s. 489-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be of importance for the migratory ability of natural killer (NK) cells. Their expression and production may influence the amount of tumour-infiltrating NK cells and thereby any therapeutic capability. In this study, we sought to investigate the importance of MMPs for human NK cells' ability to degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM). The two human NK cell lines, NK-92 and YT, migratory ability, MMP expression and production as well as their morphological appearance when cultured in the ECM equivalent Matrigel were analysed and compared. The quantitatively more migratory NK-92 cells were found to express invadopodia/podosomes at a significantly higher degree when cultured in Matrigel and gave rise to a general disintegration of the Matrigel. The NK-92 cells had a higher mRNA expression of MMP-2, -9, -13, MT1-, MT3- and MT6-MMP and a significantly higher production of MMP-9 compared to YT cells. These differences could explain the substantial functional difference observed between the two cell lines with respect to migratory capacity. In addition, the number of Matrigel invading NK-92 cells decreased significantly in the presence of the MMP inhibitor GM6001, demonstrating that MMPs have a critical function in their migration.
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