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- Pena Balderrama, J. Gabriela, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic demand projections and scenarios for the Bolivian energy system
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Strategy Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 2211-467X .- 2211-4688. ; 16, s. 96-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing energy access in emerging economies has played an important role to maintain or achieve desirable social and economic development targets. As a consequence, the growing energy requirements need policy instruments to ensure energy supply for future generations. The literature reports many studies with different approaches to model and test policy measures in the energy sector, however few energy-related studies for Bolivia are available. This paper addresses this knowledge gap, representing the first national level energy demand model and projections for Bolivia. The model use demographic, economic, technology and policy trends with a pragmatic model structure that combines bottom-up and top-down modelling. The scenario analysis has a particular focus on alternatives for energy savings, energy mix diversification and air quality. Three scenarios were analysed: Energy Savings, Fuel Substitution and the aggregate effects in a Combined scenario. The reference scenario results show the overall energy consumption grows 134% in 2035 compared to 2012 with an annual average growth of 3.8%. The final energy demand in the energy savings scenario is 8.5% lower than the Reference scenario, 1.5% lower in the fuel substitution scenario and 9.4% lower in the combined Scenario. The aggregate impact of both energy savings and fuel substitution measures leads to potential avoided emissions of 25.84 million Tons of CO2 equivalent in the model horizon 2012-2035.
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| 2. |
- Solis, Jerry L., et al.
(författare)
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Biodiesel from rapeseed oil (Brassica napus) by supported Li2O and MgO
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. - : Springer Nature. - 2008-9163 .- 2251-6832. ; 8:1, s. 9-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vegetable oils are a vast triglyceride sourcefor biodiesel production; i.e. fatty acid methyl esters(FAME), with methanol and a catalyst via transesterification reaction. The aim of this work was to study heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production with solid oxides such as mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) and alumina(Al2O3) as catalyst carriers using edible rapeseedoil as feedstock. These oxides were impregnated to have Li2O and MgO concentrations of 5–10 and 5–30 wt% oneach carrier, respectively. The catalysts were characterized using N2-physisorption (BET/BJH), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)analyses. The synthesized catalysts were mesoporous ranging from 119 to 401 A ° and their chemical phase composition was confirmed by the XRD. The catalyst coating (MgO/Li2O) was studied, along with the catalyst amount in the reactor and the assessment of the transesterification reaction kinetics. The reaction was studiedat 60 C, atmospheric pressure, agitation rate of180 rpm, and a reaction time of 2 h in a 6:1 molar ratioof methanol to oil. For each catalyst, loadings of 2.5, 5,and 10 wt% relative to the oil weight were evaluated.The highest biodiesel yield was obtained by 5 wt%(relative to oil weight) impregnated mayenite catalyst coated with 10 wt% of Li2O. The kinetic data fits to a pseudo-first-order model having a reaction rate constantequal to 0.045 min-1 under these mild reaction conditions.
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