| 1. |
- Alm, Bernt, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Breastfeeding and dummy use have a protective effect on sudden infant death syndrome.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 105:1, s. 31-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a literature review on the effect of breastfeeding and dummy (pacifier) use on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). From the 4,343 abstracts, we identified 35 relevant studies on breastfeeding and SIDS, 27 on dummy use and SIDS and 59 on dummy use versus breastfeeding CONCLUSION: We found ample evidence that both breastfeeding and dummy use reduce the risk of SIDS. There has been a general reluctance to endorse dummy use in case it has a detrimental effect of breastfeeding. However, recent evidence suggests that dummy use might not be as harmful to breastfeeding as previously believed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Alm, Bernt, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn. Kunskapsstöd med nationella rekommendationer till hälso- och sjukvården
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I detta kunskapsstöd presenteras rekommendationer till hälso- och sjukvår-den för rutiner vid plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn. Vid plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn bör hälso- och sjukvården använda Socialstyrelsens checklista för anamnesuppgifter använda Socialstyrelsens checklista för statusuppgifter använda Socialstyrelsens checklista för provtagningar och röntgenundersökning. Utredning av plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn innefattar samverkan mellan tre aktörer med olika uppgifter, nämligen hälso- och sjukvården, Polismyndigheten och Rättsmedicinalverket. Rekommendationerna är avsedda som ett stöd till hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal vid omhändertagandet av det döda barnet och familjen. Rekommendationerna utgör även en grund för utveckling av lokala vårdprogram och de förväntas dessutom bidra till jämlikhet över landet när det gäller utredning samt till att förebygga plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn. Eftersom det delvis saknas vetenskapliga studier med tillräcklig relevans och kvalitet om utredning av plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn har Social-styrelsen genomfört en konsensusprocess för att formulera rekommendationerna. Att som förälder påträffa sitt spädbarn livlöst, eller att informeras om att barnet dött, innebär en extrem känslomässig påfrestning. I ett kapitel ger Socialstyrelsen stöd till hälso- och sjukvården med syfte att underlätta informationen till familjen om dödsorsaksutredningen och dödsorsaksdia-gnosen. I ett sista kapitel om stöd till föräldrar under utredningsprocessen ges vägledning om vad som är viktigt att tänka på i mötet med föräldrarna och andra närstående samt vad som bör göras för att utredningen ska bli så komplett som möjligt. I bilagan till kunskapsstödet finns också en beskrivning av de rättsliga förutsättningarna för utredning av plötslig oväntad död hos spädbarn.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Alm, Love
(författare)
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Cluster investigations of the extent and altitude distribution of the auroral density cavity
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The auroral density cavity constitutes the boundary between the cold, dense ionospheric plasma and the hot, tenuous plasma sheet plasma. The auroral density cavity is characterized by low electron density and particle populations modified by parallel electric fields. Inside the cavity the electron densities can be as much as a factor 100-1000 lower than same altitude outside the cavity.The Cluster mission's wide range of instruments, long lifetime and ability to make multi-spacecraft observations has been very successful. Over its 15 year lifespan, the Cluster satellites have gathered data on auroral density cavities over a large altitude range and throughout an entire solar cycle, providing a vast data material.The extent of the density cavity and acceleration region is large compared to the typical altitude coverage of a satellite crossing the cavity. This makes it difficult to produce a comprehensive altitude/density profile from a single crossing. In order to facilitate comparisons between data from different events, we introduce a new reference frame, pseudo altitude. Pseudo altitude describes the satellites' position relative to the acceleration region, as opposed to relative to the Earth. This pseudo altitude is constructed by dividing the parallel potential drop below the satellite with the total parallel potential drop. A pseudo altitude of 0 corresponds to the bottom of the acceleration region and a pseudo altitude of 1 to the top of the acceleration region. As expected, the pseudo altitude increases with altitude. The electron density exhibits an anti-correlation with the pseudo altitude, the density becomes lower close to the upper edge of the acceleration region. The upper edge of the acceleration region is located between a geocentric altitude of 4.375 and 5.625 RE. Above the upper edge of the acceleration region, the electron density continues to decrease for the entire range of the study, 3.0-6.5 RE. This is much further than the geocentric altitude range of 2-3 RE which is suggested by previous models. We can conclude that the auroral density cavity is not confined by the auroral acceleration region, as suggested by previous models, and may extend all the way to the plasma sheet.
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| 6. |
- Alm, L., et al.
(författare)
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Differing Properties of Two Ion-Scale Magnetopause Flux Ropes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 123:1, s. 114-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present results from the Magnetospheric Multiscale constellation encountering two ion-scale, magnetopause flux ropes. The two flux ropes exhibit very different properties and internal structure. In the first flux rope, there are large differences in the currents observed by different satellites, indicating variations occurring over sub-d(i) spatial scales, and time scales on the order of the ion gyroperiod. In addition, there is intense wave activity and particle energization. The interface between the two flux ropes exhibits oblique whistler wave activity. In contrast, the second flux rope is mostly quiescent, exhibiting little activity throughout the encounter. Changes in the magnetic topology and field line connectivity suggest that we are observing flux rope coalescence.
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| 7. |
- Alm, L., et al.
(författare)
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EDR signatures observed by MMS in the 16 October event presented in a 2-D parametric space
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 122:3, s. 3262-3276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method for mapping the position of satellites relative to the X line using the measured B-L and B-N components of the magnetic field and apply it to the Magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) encounter with the electron diffusion region (EDR) which occurred on 13:07 UT on 16 October 2015. Mapping the data to our parametric space succeeds in capturing many of the signatures associated with magnetic reconnection and the electron diffusion region. This offers a method for determining where in the reconnection region the satellites were located. In addition, parametric mapping can also be used to present data from numerical simulations. This facilitates comparing data from simulations with data from in situ observations as one can avoid the complicated process using boundary motion analysis to determine the geometry of the reconnection region. In parametric space we can identify the EDR based on the collocation of several reconnection signatures, such as electron nongyrotropy, electron demagnetization, parallel electric fields, and energy dissipation. The EDR extends 2-3km in the normal direction and in excess of 20km in the tangential direction. It is clear that the EDR occurs on the magnetospheric side of the topological X line, which is expected in asymmetric reconnection. Furthermore, we can observe a north-south asymmetry, where the EDR occurs north of the peak in out-of-plane current, which may be due to the small but finite guide field.
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| 8. |
- Alm, Love, et al.
(författare)
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Electron density and parallel electric field distribution of the auroral density cavity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 120:11, s. 9428-9441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an event study in which Cluster satellites C1 and C3 encounters the flux tube of a stable auroral arc in the pre-midnight sector. C1 observes the mid cavity, while C3 enters the flux tube of the auroral arc at an altitude which is below the acceleration region, before crossing into the top half of the acceleration region. This allows us to study the boundary between the ionosphere and the density cavity, as well as large portion of the upper density cavity. The position of the two satellites, in relation to the acceleration region, is described using a pseudo altitude derived from the distribution of the parallel potential drop above and below the satellites.The electron density exhibits an anti-correlation with the pseudo altitude, indicating that the lowest electron densities are found near the top of the density cavity. Over the entire pseudo altitude range, the electron density distribution is similar to a planar sheath, formed out of a plasma sheet dominated electron distribution, in response to the parallel electric field of the acceleration region. This indicates that the parallel electric fields on the ionosphere-cavity boundary, as well as the mid cavity parallel electric fields, are part of one unified structure rather than two discrete entities.The results highlight the strong connection between the auroral density cavity and auroral acceleration as well as the necessity of studying them in a unified fashion.
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| 9. |
- Alm, Love, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical altitude distribution of the auroral density cavity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 120:2, s. 996-1006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The statistical altitude distribution of auroral density cavities located between 3.0 and 6.5 R-E is investigated using in situ observations from flux tubes exhibiting auroral acceleration. The locations of the observations are described using a pseudo altitude derived from the distribution of the parallel potential drop above and below the satellite. The upper edge of the auroral acceleration region is observed between 4.375 and 5.625 R-E. Above 6.125 R-E, none of the events exhibit precipitating inverted V electrons, though the upward ion beam can be observed. This indicates that the satellites are located inside the same flux tube as, but above, the auroral acceleration region. The electron density decreases as we move higher into the acceleration region. The spacecraft potential continues to decrease once above the acceleration region, indicating that the density cavity extends above the acceleration region. From 3.0 to 4.375 R-E the pseudo altitude increases by 0.20 per R-E, consistent with a distributed parallel electric field. Between 4.375 and 5.625 R-E the pseudo altitude increases weakly, by 0.01 per R-E, due to an increasing number of events per altitude bin, which are occurring above the acceleration region. Above 5.625 R-E the pseudo altitude increases by 0.28 per R-E, due to a rapid increase in the number of events per altitude bin occurring above the acceleration region, indicating that the remaining parallel potential drop is concentrated in a narrow region at the upper edge of the acceleration region, rather than in a distributed parallel electric field.
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| 10. |
- Farrugia, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission observations and non-force free modeling of a flux transfer event immersed in a super-Alfvenic flow
- 2016
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 43:12, s. 6070-6077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze plasma, magnetic field, and electric field data for a flux transfer event (FTE) to highlight improvements in our understanding of these transient reconnection signatures resulting from high-resolution data. The similar to 20 s long, reverse FTE, which occurred south of the geomagnetic equator near dusk, was immersed in super-Alfvenic flow. The field line twist is illustrated by the behavior of flows parallel/perpendicular to the magnetic field. Four-spacecraft timing and energetic particle pitch angle anisotropies indicate a flux rope (FR) connected to the Northern Hemisphere and moving southeast. The flow forces evidently overcame the magnetic tension. The high-speed flows inside the FR were different from those outside. The external flows were perpendicular to the field as expected for draping of the external field around the FR. Modeling the FR analytically, we adopt a non-force free approach since the current perpendicular to the field is nonzero. It reproduces many features of the observations.
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