| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Monemar, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Properties of the main Mg-related acceptors in GaN from optical and structural studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 115:5, s. 053507-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The luminescent properties of Mg-doped GaN have recently received particular attention, e. g., in the light of new theoretical calculations, where the deep 2.9 eV luminescence band was suggested to be the main optical signature of the substitutional Mg-Ga acceptor, thus, having a rather large binding energy and a strong phonon coupling in optical transitions. We present new experimental data on homoepitaxial Mg-doped layers, which together with the previous collection of data give an improved experimental picture of the various luminescence features in Mg-doped GaN. In n-type GaN with moderate Mg doping (less than10(18) cm(-3)), the 3.466 eV ABE1 acceptor bound exciton and the associated 3.27eV donor-acceptor pair (DAP) band are the only strong photoluminescence (PL) signals at 2 K, and are identified as related to the substitutional Mg acceptor with a binding energy of 0.225 +/- 0.005 eV, and with a moderate phonon coupling strength. Interaction between basal plane stacking faults (BSFs) and Mg acceptors is suggested to give rise to a second deeper Mg acceptor species, with optical signatures ABE2 at 3.455 eV and a corresponding weak and broad DAP peak at about 3.15 eV. The 2.9 eV PL band has been ascribed to many different processes in the literature. It might be correlated with another deep level having a low concentration, only prominent at high Mg doping in material grown by the Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The origin of the low temperature metastability of the Mg-related luminescence observed by many authors is here reinterpreted and explained as related to a separate non-radiative metastable deep level defect, i.e., not the Mg-Ga acceptor. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Khromov, Sergey, et al.
(författare)
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Luminescence related to high density of Mg-induced stacking faults in homoepitaxially grown GaN
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 84:7, s. 075324-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of Mg doping on stacking fault (SF) formation in c-plane GaN grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition has been studied for Mg concentration between 2 x 10(18) cm(-3) and 5 x 10(19) cm(-3). Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate a direct correlation between the increasing Mg content and the number of small (3-10-nm long) SFs present. The energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) line profile of a SF shows that the Mg-impurity atom resides at a distance approximately 5 nm from the SF. Cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping reveals that the Mg-doped regions radiate at energies corresponding to known SF emission peaks. SF-related peaks in CL spectra show metastability, which may be attributed to transfer processes involving Mg acceptors and nearby associated SFs.
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| 5. |
- Monemar, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Mg related acceptors in GaN
- 2010
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Ingår i: Phys. Status Solidi C 7. ; , s. 1850-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Pozina, Galia, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Optical properties of metastable shallow acceptors in Mg-doped GaN layers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy
- 2010
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Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : AIP. - 0094-243X. - 9780735407367 ; , s. 110-111
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- GaN layers doped by Mg show a metastable behavior of the near-band-gap luminescence caused by electron irradiation or UV excitation. At low temperatures < 30 K the changes in luminescence are permanent. Heating to room temperature recovers the initial low temperature spectrum shape completely. Two acceptors are involved in the recombination process as confirmed by transient PL. In as-grown samples a possible candidate for the metastable acceptor is C-N, while after annealing a second more stable acceptor related to Mg became active.
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| 7. |
- Pozina, Galia, et al.
(författare)
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Surface potential effect on excitons in AlGaN/GaN quantum well structures
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 102:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AlGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) heterostructures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire and on free-standing GaN substrates have been studied by temperature dependent time-resolved photoluminescence. A dominant contribution of the exciton radiative lifetime is observed in homoepitaxial samples even at enhanced temperatures up to 100 K. The QW-related emission is found to be more sensitive to the near surface built-in electric field in the homoepitaxial samples, revealed as a red shift of the QW exciton energy with decreasing the cap layer thickness. Absence of such shift in the heteroepitaxial samples suggests, assuming a surface potential of 0.5 eV, an increased polarization field due to residual compressive stress.
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| 8. |
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