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- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Helén C., 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Thermohaline circulation in a two-layer model with sloping boundaries and a mid-ocean ridge
- 2004
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Ingår i: DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637. ; 51:1, s. 93-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A model ocean basin has continental slopes at the west and north and a mid-ocean ridge running north-south. The first problem treated here is Stommel's (Deep-Sea Res. 5 (1958) 80) abyssal flow of a homogeneous fluid in the presence of topography with a source of fluid at the northwest corner. The flow is driven by uniform upwelling everywhere except over the non-flat topography where the fluid is not driven and inviscid. The solution over the topography is determined by conservation of potential vorticity with the flow being driven by matching to the known solution over the flat bottom. A second problem is the two-layer case for which we use an analysis by Salmon (J. Mar. Res. 50 (1992) 341) in which he obtained expressions for the potential vorticity distribution for inviscid, non-forced flow over topography. We produce analytical solutions for the two-layer case. Conservation of potential vorticity over the slopes leads to flows that make large north-south excursions as the fluid crosses the topographic regions over the western slope and the mid-ocean ridge. We justify our procedure by showing a similarity between a wind-driven double gyre solution of Salmon's that shows a cyclonic circulation on the onshore (Gulf Stream) side of the anticyclonic wind gyre and an observed cyclonic gyre in the Slope Sea inshore of the Gulf Stream. For the two-layer case we obtain flow over the midocean ridge in the lower layer that compares favorably with the excursion of particles over the mid-Atlantic Ridge as reported by Defant (Deutsche Atlantische Expedition 'Meteor' 1925-1927, 6, 1941, pp. 191-260; Physical Oceanography, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, New York, Oxford, London, Paris, 1961). Our inviscid solutions contain sharp discontinuities which will have to be smoothed by friction when viscosity is added, but it is possible that friction will take the flow far from the one that we have derived. A numerical solution of the problem is planned to test this possibility.
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