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- Backhaus, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:1, s. 19-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive disease caused by antibiotic resistant pneumococci is a worldwide problem. All invasive pneumococcal strains in an area of south-west Sweden with 1.7 million inhabitants were collected prospectively during 1998-2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test and correlated to serotypes and clinical characteristics. Of 827 strains, 744 (90%) were susceptible (S) to all agents tested and 83 (10%) were indeterminate (I) or resistant (R) to at least 1 agent. 22 isolates (2.7%) were I to penicillin (MIC >0.06 to < or = 1.0 mg/l), but none were R (MIC >1.0 mg/l). Numbers and proportions of decreased susceptibility against other agents tested were as follows: erythromycin R: 30 (3.6%), clindamycin R: 6 (0.7%), tetracycline R: 16 (1.9%), moxifloxacin R: 1 (0.1%), cotrimoxazole I: 17 (2%) and R: 31(4%). Non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent was not correlated with age, clinical manifestation, underlying diseases and outcome. The serotype distribution differed between non-susceptible and susceptible strains. The serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine covered 42% of all infections and 73% of those caused by non-susceptible strains. In conclusion, the impact of antibiotic resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease remains limited in south-west Sweden.
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| 6. |
- Fougelberg, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Decreased sexual risk behaviour after the diagnosis of HIV and initiation of antiretroviral treatment - a study of patients in Johannesburg : prevention
- 2006
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Ingår i: Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine. ; :25, s. 12-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. An extended programme for free antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV was launched in South Africa in April 2004. It is essential to assess the effects on sexual risk behaviour. Design and setting. A questionnaire was distributed to patients on ART at Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, between 17 January and 22 February 2005. Results. The percentage of men who had sexual contacts outside their relationship decreased from 48% before HIV diagnosis to 11% after starting ART. Condom use with casual partners increased from 53% among the men and 46% among the women before the diagnosis of HIV to 87% and 81% respectively on ART. The majority of patients were tested for HIV because they presented with symptoms of illness. We noted no significant difference in disclosure rate after the start of ART. All participants were positive about the treatment and felt physically better. The majority of the patients experienced a better quality of life. Conclusions. The ART had an overall positive effect on health with no increase of sexual risk behaviour.
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| 7. |
- Hansson, Marit, et al.
(författare)
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HIV/AIDS awareness and risk behavior among students in Semey, Kazakhstan: a cross-sectional survey.
- 2008
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Ingår i: BMC international health and human rights. - 1472-698X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Until recently, young people in Kazakhstan have been only moderately affected by the global HIV epidemic. Today, however, the HIV epidemic in Central Asia is one of the most rapidly increasing epidemics in the world. It is mainly concentrated to vulnerable groups such as intravenous drug users, sex workers, the purchasers of sexual services and the financially marginalized. Young, sexually active people may however be the gateway for the epidemic to the general population, and knowledge about their attitudes and behavior is therefore important in planning preventive measures. METHODS: To gather information about young students and their attitudes and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, we collected 600 structured questionnaires and made 23 semi-structured interviews among three groups of students. Response rate was 99%. RESULTS: Almost 99% of the respondents had heard of HIV/AIDS, and 89% could identify ways to protect oneself against sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS. The main routes of transmission, sexual contact without condom and intravenous drug use, were both identified by 97% of the students. Twenty-five percent of the female students and 75% of the male students had had one or more sexual partners. More than 30% of the young men had purchased sex, and homosexuality was widely stigmatized. CONCLUSION: Risks for the spread of HIV/AIDS among young people in Kazakhstan include prostitution as well as stigmatization of the HIV positive and of homosexuals. Protective factors are good knowledge about risks and protection, and opportunities to talk and gather information about sexuality and HIV/AIDS.
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| 9. |
- Jacobsson, Gunnar, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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The epidemiology of and risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in western Sweden.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:1, s. 6-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a prospective study of all cases of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections (ISA) in the catchment area of Skaraborg Hospital (population 255,109) in western Sweden from March 2003 to February 2005. The annual incidence was 33.9 cases/100,000 population. Of these, 49% were classified as community-acquired, 32% as nosocomial and 19% as health care-associated. The mean age was 65 y. We registered children (age < or = 18 y) in 13 episodes. The most common predisposing illnesses/conditions were persons undergoing haemodialysis (relative risk 291), peritoneal dialysis (relative risk 204), persons with rheumatoid arthritis (relative risk 9), diabetes mellitus (relative risk 8), and cancer (relative risk 7). The patients were treated at various departments; only 18% of the episodes were primarily cared for at a department of infectious diseases. The most common diagnosis was soft tissue infection (27% of the episodes), bacteraemia without focus (19%), arthritis (15%), and line-associated infection (14%). A total of 197 invasive isolates was obtained, the vast majority from blood, in 141 of 170 episodes. We documented the wide spectrum of signs and symptoms. One- quarter of the patients had no history of fever, and one-third of the bacteraemia patients had normal white blood cell count (<10 x 10(9)/l) at presentation. All cases were of MSSA (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus).
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- Lönn, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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A traditional society in change encounters HIV/AIDS: knowledge, attitudes, and risk behavior among students in northwestern China.
- 2007
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Ingår i: AIDS patient care and STDs. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1087-2914 .- 1557-7449. ; 21:1, s. 48-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- China has to date in general only been moderately affected by the global HIV epidemic, but there are cities, particularly in Yunnan, with a high prevalence. This situation seems to be changing, however, with the risk of a rapidly growing epidemic. Our aim was to investigate the level of knowledge about HIV and AIDS and risk behavior among young people at Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. Xinjiang has a population of mixed minority groups and Han Chinese. The largest minority group is the Uygur (8.82 million), who are Sunni Muslims and speak a Turkish language. Questionnaires were handed out to 400 students. Twenty open interviews were conducted after invitation to the students answering the questionnaires and their friends. All but one had heard about HIV/AIDS and approximately 95% knew the most common routes of transmission: sexual contact, mother to child, and sharing needles. Eighty percent also knew about transmission through breastfeeding. There were some knowledge gaps about how HIV is not transmitted. The questionnaires showed that only 5.7% of the undergraduate students admitted to being sexually active. Twenty-eight percent of the undergraduates and 17% of the postgraduates would not tell anyone if they were infected with HIV. In the interviews the students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS seems to be superficial. Although they did not display high sexual risk behavior during the time of our study, attitudes are changing, and becoming more liberal. We believe that extensive information about sex, infection, and protective measures is crucial to help China prevent an epidemic.
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