| 1. |
- Ankerfors, Mikael, 1978-
(författare)
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Microfibrillated cellulose: Energy-efficient preparation techniques and applications in paper
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work describes three alternative processes for producing microfibrillated cellulose (MFC; also referred to as cellulose nanofibrils, CNF) in which bleached pulp fibres are first pretreated and then homogenized using a high-pressure homogenizer. In one process, fibre cell wall delamination was facilitated by a combined enzymatic and mechanical pretreatment. In the two other processes, cell wall delamination was facilitated by pretreatments that introduced anionically charged groups into the fibre wall, by means of either a carboxymethylation reaction or irreversibly attaching carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to the fibres. All three processes are industrially feasible and enable energy-efficient production of MFC. Using these processes, MFC can be produced with an energy consumption of 500–2300 kWh/tonne. These materials have been characterized in various ways and it has been demonstrated that the produced MFCs are approximately 5–30 nm wide and up to several microns long.The MFCs were also evaluated in a number of applications in paper. The carboxymethylated MFC was used to prepare strong free-standing barrier films and to coat wood-containing papers to improve the surface strength and reduce the linting propensity of the papers. MFC, produced with an enzymatic pretreatment, was also produced at pilot scale and was studied in a pilot-scale paper making trial as a strength agent added at the wet-end for highly filled papers.
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| 2. |
- Ankerfors, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Multilayer assembly onto pulp fibres using oppositely charged microfibrillated celluloses, starches, and wetstrength resins : Effect on mechanical properties of CTMP-sheets
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:1, s. 135-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of multilayering of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) onto a chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), from which the fines material had been removed, were investigated with regard to the mechanical properties of hand-sheets. In one series of experiments, the CTMP was multilayered with cationic MFC/anionic MFC (C-MFC/A-MFC) at various addition levels and sheets made in a conventional sheet former, pressed, and dried at room temperature. This experimental series was complemented with a second series, where sheets were made in a Rapid Köthen sheet former. In a third series of experiments, the CTMP was multilayered using a cationic polyamideamine epichlorohydrine resin (PAE) and an AMFC. Sheets were formed using the Rapid Köthen sheet former. Finally, in a fourth series of experiments, the MFC multilayering experiments were compared with multilayering experiments using cationic starch/anionic starch (C-starch/A-Starch). MFC-multilayering (C-MFC/A-MFC) gave inferior strength gain at a low addition level compared to starch multilayering, but (compared on a weight basis) the strength seemed to level off using starches at high addition levels, whereas there were a continuous increase in strength using MFC multilayering. Multilayering using PAE/A-MFC was found to give a higher strength gain than both C-MFC/A-MFC and C-starch/A-starch multilayering. Sheet density was slightly affected (<14%) by the multilayering techniques used in these experiments.
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| 3. |
- Ankerfors, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of different types of wet-end added microfibrillated celluloses on the properties of paper made from bleached kraft pulp
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 32:3, s. 336-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has been undertaken to compare the effects of different types of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) on the mechanical properties of paper. Three types of MFC were produced: Enzyme MFC (low anionic charge density), Carboxymethylated MFC (high anionic charge density) and cationic MFC (high cationic charge density). The different MFCs required different retention aid strategies. The simplest retention strategy was selected to secure a high retention of MFC. Some experiments also focused on dewatering and pressability of wet webs with carboxymethylated MFC. Conventional isotropic laboratory handsheets were made using a never-dried unrefined elemental chlorine free (ECF)-bleached softwood kraft pulp. It has been shown that the evolution of the mechanical properties and scattering coefficients when plotted versus MFC content was very similar for the three types. However, Enzyme MFC gave a significantly better reinforcement effect. All three types of MFC had a similar effect on the sheet consolidation, reflected in sheet density. Evaluation of the dewatering and pressability of the wet sheets showed that if the MFC was aggregated by an appropriate retention strategy, the dewatering and pressability were not detrimental to the practical applicability of MFC.
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| 4. |
- Blell, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Generating in-Plane Orientational Order in Multilayer Films Prepared by Spray-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Assembly
- 2017
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 11:1, s. 84-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a simple yet efficient method for orienting cellulose nanofibrils in layer-by-layer assembled films through spray-assisted alignment. While spraying at 90° against a receiving surface produces films with homogeneous in-plane orientation, spraying at smaller angles causes a macroscopic directional surface flow of liquid on the receiving surface and leads to films with substantial in-plane anisotropy when nanoscale objects with anisotropic shapes are used as components. First results with cellulose nanofibrils demonstrate that such fibrils are easily aligned by grazing incidence spraying to yield optically birefringent films over large surface areas. We show that the cellulosic nanofibrils are oriented parallel to the spraying direction and that the orientational order depends for example on the distance of the receiving surface from the spray nozzle. The alignment of the nanofibrils and the in-plane anisotropy of the films were independently confirmed by atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy between crossed polarizers, and the ellipsometric determination of the apparent refractive index of the film as a function of the in-plane rotation of the sample with respect to the plane of incidence of the ellipsometer.
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| 5. |
- Lindström, Tom, et al.
(författare)
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On the nature of joint strength of paper : Effect of dry strength agents - Revisiting the Page equation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 459-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report deals with the effects of various chemical-treatments - carboxymethylcellulose-grafted (CMC) pulp in different ionic forms (Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+), cationic starch, anionic polyacrylamide, and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as well as PFI-refining on the strength properties of never-dried bleached soft-wood kraft pulp. The general in-plane strength properties were measured together with z-strength and interlaminar shear strength. The sheet density was varied by pressing the wet sheets to various dry solids content. The relative bonded area of the sheets was determined by the BET surface area of the sheets using krypton adsorption. Interlaminar shear strength is introduced as a measure for fibre-fibre bond strength and validates its use in the Page equation from first principles and it was shown to hold over a large range of tensile strengths. Only at very high tensile index values the calculated tensile index deviated from measured tensile index. This was most likely due to a shift from adhesive to cohesive failure of the joint. The various strength reinforcement methods used were all based on carbohydrate based additives and for those additives the specific joint strength was found to be independent of the specific additive, so the strength reinforcement is only related to the increased relative bonded area upon the addition of the strength adjuvant, although the additives consolidate the sheet on various structural levels.
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