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- Andersson, Marianne, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of crashes involving injured children in side impacts
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Crashworthiness. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1358-8265 .- 1754-2111. ; 16:4, s. 365-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to define the crash characteristics of near-side impact crashes in which children seated in the rear rows are injured. The crash characteristics included the direction of force, heading angle, horizontal impact location, vertical impact location, extent of deformation and intrusion at the child occupant's seating position. Cases from in-depth crash investigation databases of the NASS-CDS (National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System), CIREN (Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network) and Chalmers University of Technology were reviewed. The principal direction of force was most frequently between 60° and 75°. The heading angle of the bullet vehicle was most commonly between 61° and 90°. The bullet vehicle hit the passenger compartment of the target vehicle, particularly the rear door. Often, one or both of the adjacent pillars to the rear door were involved, most commonly the B pillar. In 11 of 16 crashes, the car sill was not engaged. Most commonly, the deformation extent was into Zone 3 or more – about 40 cm – and the intrusion at the child's seating position was in the range 20–30 cm. This review of the crashes revealed differences between the current side impact test procedures and the actual side impact crashes in which children were injured.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bohman, Katarina, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child rear seat passengers during vehicle maneuvers
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. - 1943-2461. ; 55, s. 15-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Head impact to the seat back has been identified as one important injury causation scenario for seat belt restrained, head-injured children and previous research highlighted vehicle maneuvers prior to impact as possible contributing factors. The aim was to quantify kinematics of child occupants during swerving maneuvers focusing on the child’s lateral movement and seat belt position relative to the child’s shoulder. A study was conducted on a closed-circuit test track with 16 children aged 4-12, restrained in the rear seat of a modern passenger vehicle. A professional driving instructor drove at 50 km/h making sharp turns in a repeatable fashion, resulting in inboard motion of the children. The children were exposed to two turns in each of two restraint systems. Shorter children were on a booster or highback booster cushion. The taller children were seated on a booster cushion or with only a lap and shoulder seat belt. Four film cameras were fixed in the vehicle monitoring the child. Vehicle data were also collected. The seat belt slipped off the shoulder in 1 of 5 turns, varying by age and restraint type. Among shorter children, the belt slipped off in a majority of turns when seated on a booster cushion while the belt remained on the shoulder when seated on the highback booster cushion. Among taller children, the shoulder belt moved far laterally on the shoulder in half of the turns. This data provides valuable knowledge on possible pre-impact postures of children as a result of vehicle swerving maneuvers for a variety of restraint systems.
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| 4. |
- Charlton, Judith, et al.
(författare)
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Naturalistic Observation of Children in Cars: An International Partnership
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is well known that in the rear seat of cars, small children squirm, slide, slump, sleep, play and interact with their fellow passengers. Our previous findings from a pilot study show that children rarely remain in an optimal position for the efficient functioning of their restraint systems throughout the duration of their journey. Such behaviours may not only affect restraint effectiveness but may also have a negative influence on driver performance and distraction. Moreover, quantification of children’s position and out-of-position (OOP) status (i.e., their actual position relative to the ideal position for which the technology was designed) has important implications for design of test programs using anthropomorphic test devices (ATD) intended to mimic the human occupant. For example, understanding true pre-crash positions may lead to different design specifications of rear seat restraint systems and energy management features of the vehicle interior compared with the kinds of solutions that might arise from evaluations with an in-position ATD. This paper builds on our preliminary research findings and describes the design of the first international large-scale study of children in cars which uses innovative methods to observe and quantify the positions of child occupants in cars and identify the injury effects of OOP status and its impact on driver distraction. The study will facilitate a paradigm-shifting advance in child occupant protection – from the concept of safety technology designed to protect an ideally positioned occupant to the concept of dynamic restraint systems that maintain optimal restraint over a range of expected child positions/movements in a vehicle. Outcomes of the research will directly inform the design of future restraints for children, the development of appropriate crash test procedures that account for natural positions of child occupants, and the development of community awareness messages to improve the safety of children.
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| 5. |
- Jakobsson, Lotta, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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REAR SEAT SAFETY IN FRONTAL TO SIDE IMPACTS – FOCUSING ON OCCUPANTS FROM 3YRS TO SMALL ADULTS
- 2011
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Ingår i: The 22nd ESV Conference Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACTThis study presents a broad comprehensiveresearch effort that combines expertise fromindustry and academia and uses variousmethodologies with applied research directedtowards countermeasures. The project includesreal world crash data analysis, real world drivingstudies and crash testing and simulations,aiming at enhancing the safety of forward facingchild occupants (aged 3y to small adults) in therear seat during frontal to side impacts.The real world crash data analyses of properlyrestrained children originate from European aswell as US data. Frontal and side impact crashtests are analyzed using different sizes of crashtest dummies in different sitting postures. Sideimpact parameter studies using FE-models arerun. The sitting posture and behavior of 12children are monitored while riding in the rearseat. Also, the body kinematics and belt positionduring actual braking and turning maneuvers arestudied for 16 rear seat child occupants and forvarious child dummies.Real world crash data indicates that several ofthe injured children in frontal impacts, despitebeing properly restrained, impacted the vehicleinterior structure with their head/face resulting inserious injury. This was attributed to obliquecrashes, pre-crash vehicle maneuvers or highcrash severity. Crash tests confirm theimportance of proper initial belt-fit for bestprotection. The crash tests also highlight thedifficulty in obtaining the real world kinematicsand head impact locations using existing crashtest dummies and test procedures. The sideimpact parameter studies indicate that thevehicle’s occupant protection systems, such asairbags and seat belt pretensioners, play animportant role in protecting children as well.The results from the on-road driving studiesillustrate the variation of sitting postures duringriding in the rear seat giving valuable input to theeffects of the restraint systems and to howrepresentative the standardized dummy seatingpositioning procedures are. The results from themaneuver driving studies illustrate theimportance of understanding the kinematics of achild relative to the seat belt in a real worldmaneuver situation.Real world safety of rear seat occupants,especially children, involves evaluation ofprotection beyond standard crash testingscenarios in frontal and side impact conditions.This project explores the complete context ofrear seat protection in impact situations rangingfrom front to side and directions in betweenhighlighting the importance of pre-crash postureand behavior.This research project at SAFER (Vehicle andTraffic Safety Centre at Chalmers), whereresearchers from the industry and universitiescooperate with the aim to further improve safetyfor children (from 3y) to small adults in the rearseat, speeds up the process to safetyimplementation due to the interaction betweenacademic and industrial researchers.
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