| 1. |
- Kreibich, H., et al.
(författare)
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Adaptation to flood risk : results of international paired flood event studies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Earth's Future. - 2328-4277. ; 5:10, s. 953-965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As flood impacts are increasing in large parts of the world, understanding the primary drivers of changes in risk is essential for effective adaptation. To gain more knowledge on the basis of empirical case studies, we analyze eight paired floods, i.e. consecutive flood events that occurred in the same region, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. These success stories of risk reduction were selected across different socio-economic and hydro-climatic contexts. The potential of societies to adapt is uncovered by describing triggered societal changes, as well as formal measures and spontaneous processes that reduced flood risk. This novel approach has the potential to build the basis for an international data collection and analysis effort to better understand and attribute changes in risk due to hydrological extremes in the framework of the IAHSs Panta Rhei initiative. Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability, e.g. via raised risk awareness, preparedness and improvements of organizational emergency management. Thus, vulnerability reduction plays an essential role for successful adaptation. Our work shows that there is a high potential to adapt, but there remains the challenge to stimulate measures that reduce vulnerability and risk in periods in which extreme events do not occur.
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| 2. |
- Kreibich, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
-
Adaptation to flood risk : Results of international paired flood event studies
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Earth's Future. - 2328-4277. ; , s. 953-965
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As flood impacts are increasing in large parts of the world, understanding the primary drivers of changes in risk is essential for effective adaptation. To gain more knowledge on the basis of empirical case studies, we analyze eight paired floods, that is, consecutive flood events that occurred in the same region, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. These success stories of risk reduction were selected across different socioeconomic and hydro-climatic contexts. The potential of societies to adapt is uncovered by describing triggered societal changes, as well as formal measures and spontaneous processes that reduced flood risk. This novel approach has the potential to build the basis for an international data collection and analysis effort to better understand and attribute changes in risk due to hydrological extremes in the framework of the IAHSs Panta Rhei initiative. Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability, for example, via raised risk awareness, preparedness, and improvements of organizational emergency management. Thus, vulnerability reduction plays an essential role for successful adaptation. Our work shows that there is a high potential to adapt, but there remains the challenge to stimulate measures that reduce vulnerability and risk in periods in which extreme events do not occur.
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| 3. |
- Ward, Philip J., et al.
(författare)
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The need to integrate flood and drought disaster risk reduction strategies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Water Security. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-3124. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most research on hydrological risks focuses either on flood risk or drought risk, whilst floods and droughts are two extremes of the same hydrological cycle. To better design disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures and strategies, it is important to consider interactions between these closely linked phenomena. We show examples of: (a) how flood or drought DRR measures can have (unintended) positive or negative impacts on risk of the opposite hazard; and (b) how flood or drought DRR measures can be negatively impacted by the opposite hazard. We focus on dikes and levees, dams, stormwater control and upstream measures, subsurface storage, migration, agricultural practices, and vulnerability and preparedness. We identify key challenges for moving towards a more holistic risk management approach.
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| 4. |
- Di Baldassarre, Giuliano, et al.
(författare)
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Hess Opinions : An interdisciplinary research agenda to explore the unintended consequences of structural flood protection
- 2018
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Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH. - 1027-5606 .- 1607-7938. ; 22:11, s. 5629-5637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One common approach to cope with floods is the implementation of structural flood protection measures, such as levees or flood-control reservoirs, which substantially reduce the probability of flooding at the time of implementation. Numerous scholars have problematized this approach. They have shown that increasing the levels of flood protection can attract more settlements and high-value assets in the areas protected by the new measures. Other studies have explored how structural measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can act to reduce preparedness. These paradoxical risk changes have been described as "levee effect", "safe development paradox" or "safety dilemma". In this commentary, we briefly review this phenomenon by critically analysing the intended benefits and unintended effects of structural flood protection, and then we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda to uncover these paradoxical dynamics of risk.
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| 5. |
- Toftegaard, R., et al.
(författare)
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Metal nanoparticle-enhanced radiative transitions: Giving singlet oxygen emission a boost
- 2011
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1365-3075 .- 0033-4545. ; 83:4, s. 885-898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fabrication and use of metal nanoparticles to influence electronic transitions in a given molecule is of growing interest; there is much to be gained by developing and exploiting methods to enhance weak optical signals. Singlet molecular oxygen, O-2(a(1)Delta(g)), which is an important intermediate in many oxidation reactions, particularly in biological systems, is ideally monitored by the 1275-nm O-2(a(1)Delta(g)) -> O-2(X-3 Sigma(-)(g)) phosphorescent transition. Unfortunately, the latter is highly forbidden and, as such, often presents a severe limitation in the application of this optical probe. In this paper, we describe how this weak phosphorescent transition can be enhanced by using localized surface plasmons (LSPs) from specially engineered gold nanostructures. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this process, data were recorded from samples in which we decoupled the component of the plasmon resonance that absorbs incident light from the component that scatters incident light. We find that the latter appears to be the feature of significance in the process through which singlet oxygen phosphorescence is enhanced. In this work, we also illustrate how the singlet oxygen system provides an ideal model for a general study of metal-enhanced radiative rate constants.
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