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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, et al.
(författare)
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Trend of Socio-Demographic Index and Mortality Estimates in Iran and its Neighbors, 1990-2015 : Findings of the Global Burden of Diseases 2015 Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Archives of Iranian Medicine. - 1029-2977 .- 1735-3947. ; 20:7, s. 419-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global burden of disease and injuries study (GBD 2015) reports expected measures for years of life lost (YLL) based on socio-demographic index (SDI) of countries, as well as the observed measures. In this extended GBD 2015 report, we reviewed total and cause-specific deaths and YLL for Iran and all its neighboring countries between 1990 and 2015.METHODS: We extracted data from the GBD 2015 database. Observed YLL measures were calculated by multiplying the number of deaths by standard life expectancy at each age. SDI was a composite index, calculated based on income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. The GBD world population was used for age standardization.RESULTS: All-ages crude death rate in Iran reduced from 665.6 per 100,000 population (95% uncertainty interval: 599.3-731.6) in 1990 to 487.2 (414.9-566.1) in 2015. The ratio of observed to expected YLL (O/E ratio) for all-causes ranged between 0.54 (Turkey) and 1.95 (Russia) in 2015. For Iran, the all-causes O/E ratio was less than 1 in all years (1990-2015), except 2003. However, cause-specific O/E ratio was more than 1 for some causes, including the top leading causes of YLL (ischemic heart disease, road injuries, and cerebrovascular disorders). Ischemic heart disease was the first or second cause of YLL in all comparator countries except Afghanistan.CONCLUSION: The leading YLL causes with high O/E ratios should be prioritized in public health efforts. In addition to research evidence, countries with low O/E ratios should be scrutinized to find feasible innovative interventions.
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- Esmaeili, Ali, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Construction of macroscale yield surfaces for ductile composites based on a virtual testing strategy
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Mechanics, A/Solids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0997-7538. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes an approach, based on computational homogenization, for constructing the macroscopic yield surface pertinent to a meso-heterogeneous ductile composite, whereby it is assumed that each constituent is elastic-plastic with (possible) hardening; however, the strategy does not depend on the particular choice of plasticity model (standard, crystal) on the mesoscale. The aim is to compute the macroscale yield properties with bounds that are defined with a priori given confidence, in terms of an “outer yield surface” and an “inner yield surface”. However, these bounds will inevitably be approximate in practice due to the difficulty to achieve guaranteed bounds for general incremental plasticity. The following ingredients are essential to the approach: (1) A “virtual testing” strategy is proposed, whereby a sufficiently large number of realizations of the presumed random meso-structure, determined by the chosen probability, are utilized as Statistical Volume Elements (SVE). (2) In order to obtain the pertinent bounds on the “directional yield stress”, SVE-computations are carried out with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. (3) A stress-driven, rather than the more traditional strain-driven, format of the SVE-problem is adopted in order to cover the macroscopic stress space in a systematic fashion. Illustrative numerical examples in 2D (particle composites) and 3D (polycrystals of Duplex Stainless Steel) conclude the paper.
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