| 1. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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How Does Concern for Low-income Individuals Affect Optimal Public Transport Policy in a Small City?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - : University of Bath. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 56:3, s. 295-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the impact of different sets of distributional weights on optimal bus fares and frequencies in the small Swedish city of Uppsala, with a two-way public transport demand per bus line of 200 pax/h in peak and 100 pax/h in off-peak. One result is that, compared with the welfareoptimal scenario without distributional weights, increasing the weights of the low-income group successively increases service frequencies. However, a more pronounced result is that a weight as low as 1.3 on low-income individuals' well-being (expressed in willingness to pay) is enough to justify a free-fare policy for this group.
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| 2. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-
(författare)
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Optimal frequency of public transport in a small city : examination of a simple method
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study identifies the welfare optimal frequency of a scheduled public transport service from a methodological perspective, exploring what methods are more suitable for the case of bus services in a small city. The study examines how well various versions of the square-root rule, including established and newly proposed versions, estimate the optimal bus frequencies in the case city of Uppsala, versus estimates generated by a more comprehensive partial equilibrium model. The results indicate that extending the square-root rule by including transfer time, as proposed here, is empirically important. Furthermore, the results indicate that the square-root rule, with this extension, can estimate optimal frequency in Uppsala surprisingly well, and may be suitable for bus lines with two-way demand in the range of 75–200 pax/h.
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| 3. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal pricing of car use in a small city : A case study of Uppsala
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 114, s. 88-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of cities that have successfully shifted demand from cars to more sustainable modes suggest that coordinated packages of mutually reinforcing policy instruments are needed. Congestion charges and parking fees can be important parts of such packages. This paper examines the introduction of welfare-optimal congestion charges and parking fees in a model calibrated to Uppsala, a small city in Sweden. These effects are modeled with a simple transport demand model for the welfare optimization of parking fees, congestion charges, and public transport provision. The results suggest that welfare-optimal congestion charges in Uppsala are as high as EUR 2.8 in peak hours and EUR 1.4 in off-peak hours. A rough cost–benefit analysis shows that the introduction of congestion charges in Uppsala is welfare improving if the operating costs of congestion charges are proportional to city population size. In the main scenarios, optimal congestion charges and parking fees reduce the number of car trips by 10% and 7%, respectively. The model can be used to assess when it is worthwhile to introduce congestion pricing. © 2021 The Authors
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| 4. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-
(författare)
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The welfare-maximizing discount rate in a small open economy
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The controversy about what approach is best for calculating the social discount rate for public investments is both long standing and heated. Two main approaches are the social time preference and the social opportunity cost approaches. Complicating issues are tax wedges, the question of whether public investments crowd out current private consumption or private saving, and the possibility of myopic behavior among individuals. This study uses a model that takes these issues into account to derive the discount rate that optimizes welfare in a small open economy. The result is that even if individuals have behavioral preferences differing from the normative preferences of the social planner and even if tax wedges exist, the optimal discount rate is the pre-tax market return on capital, as long as individuals are forward looking and consistent in their behavioral preferences, and their choices are not constrained by, for example, liquidity restrictions.
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| 5. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal kilometre tax for electric vehicles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 134, s. 52-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We approximate the spatial and temporal distribution of the Pigouvian kilometre tax for road traffic in the most urbanized part of Sweden, with four million inhabitants and a similar "degree of urbanization" to the Netherlands and the UK, in a future scenario where most vehicles are electric. We apply the national transport model and include all links and four time-of-day periods. We find that roughly half of the vehicle kilometres travelled in Ma center dot lardalen has a marginal external cost (congestion and other external costs included) below 0.04 euro/km which is below the fuel tax in 2019). The mean marginal external cost is higher, at 0.09 euro/km. Our focus is not the exact numbers but the magnitudes and the vast variation across links in a country-like region: 90 percent of the revenue is collected on 10 percent of the road network. Hence, a nation-wide kilometre tax, implying high enforcement cost, is likely not the best option. Instead, the marginal external cost could probably be internalized fairly accurate by a congestion tax in the big cities in combination with for instance an ownership tax. We find that the Pigouvian tax would cover the public costs for our target road system. We relate our findings to the mainstem fiscal tax literature.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Railway timetabling for the future? : A pilot study on a single track line
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - : Elsevier. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 27:September
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- No country uses optimisation methods to establish a value maximising allocation of operators’ demand for scarce railway infrastructure. Using the same input as was used in the year 2020 (T20), when the official timetable for one specific line in Sweden was developed by the infrastructure manager, this paper presents the outcome of the combined use of dual optimisation and rapid branching to produce a solution to an actual optimisation problem. These methods generate a timetable with the same number of trains as in T20 and some qualities that are better than those of the official timetable. The pilot study therefore confirms that it is worthwhile to further develop formal optimisation mechanisms towards larger-scale applications. Being able to handle conflicts-of-interest on a single-track line means that the problem on a double track line has fewer restrictions.
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