| 1. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of transport fuel taxation strategies through integration of road transport in an energy system model — the case of Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1099-114X .- 0363-907X. ; 36:5, s. 648-669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road transport is responsible for a large and growing share of CO2 emissions in most countries. A number of new fuel-efficient vehicle technologies and renewable transport fuels are possible alternatives to conventional options but their deployment relies strongly on different policy measures. Even though a future higher use of transport biofuels and electric vehicles is likely to increase the interaction between the transportation sector and the stationary energy system (heat, power, etc.), these systems are often analysed separately. In this study, a transport module is developed and integrated into the MARKAL_Nordic energy system model. The transport module describes a range of vehicle technologies and fuel options as well as different paths for conversion of primary energy resources into transport fuels. The integrated model is utilized to analyse the impact of transport fuel tax designs on future cost-effective fuel and technology choices in the Swedish transportation sector, as well as the consequences of these choices on system costs and CO2 emissions. The model, which is driven by cost-minimization, is run to 2050 with various assumptions regarding transport fuel tax levels and tax schemes. The results stress the importance of fuel taxes to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient vehicle technologies such as hybrids and plug-in hybrids. Tax exemptions can make biofuels an economically favourable choice for vehicle users. However, due to limitations in biomass supply, a too strong policy-focus on transport biofuels can lead to high system costs in relation to the CO2 abatement achieved. The modelling performed indicates that the effects caused by linkages between the transportation sector and the stationary energy system can be significant and integrated approaches are thus highly relevant.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Biofuel futures in road transport - A modeling analysis for Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 32, s. 239-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First and second generation biofuels are among few low-carbon alternatives for road transport that currently are commercially available or in an early commercialization phase. They are thus potential options for meeting climate targets in the medium term. For the case of Sweden, we investigate cost-efficient use of biofuels in road transport under system-wide CO2 reduction targets to 2050, and the effects of implementation of targets for an almost fossil-free road transport sector to 2030. We apply the bottom-up, optimization MARKAL_Sweden model, which covers the entire Swedish energy system including the transport sector. For CO2 reductions of 80% to 2050 in the Swedish energy system as a whole, the results of the main scenario show an annual growth rate for road transport biofuels of about 6% from 2010 to 2050, with biofuels accounting for 78% of road transport final energy use in 2050. The preferred biofuel choices are methanol and biomethane. When introducing additional fossil fuel phase-out policies in road transport (-80% to 2030), a doubling of the growth rate to 2030 is required and system CO2 abatement costs increases by 6% for the main scenario. Results imply that second generation biofuels, along with energy-efficient vehicle technologies such as plug-in hybrids, can be an important part of optimized system solutions meeting stringent medium-term climate targets.
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| 3. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass CHP Energy Systems: A Critical Assessment
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sayigh A (ed.), Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Vol 5, Elsevier. - 9780080878737 ; , s. 87-97
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Combined heat and power (CHP) generation is generally considered a measure to increase the overall efficiency of energy systems. Biomass-fueled CHP represents thus an alternative for the combination of an efficient energy technology and a renewable, climate-neutral fuel. Even though biomass CHP presents several advantages, the deployment is linked to a number of complex issues. Often the involved complexities are not connected to the technology as such, but rather to system issues regarding how to view, and what to assume, about the technology’s system surrounding. The system boundaries can be very broad because of the versatility of biomass, its many end uses, and the wide range of possible displacement effects. In this chapter, system aspects of biomass energy systems including CHP are analyzed and discussed.
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| 4. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass gasification in cost-optimized district heating systems — A regional modelling analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:1, s. 168-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) plants could, in combined heat and power (CHP) generation, increase the power-to-heat ratio compared to conventional biomass steam turbine plants. Furthermore, biomass gasification could also be used for the efficient production of biofuels for transport. In this study, different applications of biomass gasification in connection to district heating (DH) are analysed and contrasted to conventional technology options. An application of the cost-optimizing energy system model MARKAL with a detailed description of the DH sector in a southwestern region of Sweden was developed within the study and used in the analysis. Policy measures for CO2 reduction and for promotion of “green” electricity are assumed, and required subsidy levels for large-scale production of transport biofuels are calculated. The model also operates with different supplies of biomass: a local supply at a lower cost and an international supply of refined biomass at a slightly higher cost. The study shows that investments in BIGCC CHP are often cost-efficient in cases with low ambitions regarding transport biofuels. However, due to limitations in heat demand and in local, lower cost, supply of biomass, investment in biofuel production means less investment in BIGCC CHP and, thereby, a smaller electricity production.
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| 5. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective biogas utilisation – A modelling assessment of gas infrastructural options in a regional energy system
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 48:1, s. 212-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current utilisation of biogas from anaerobic digestion is low compared to the technical potential. This study investigates requirements for policy support to overcome techno-economic barriers of biogas utilisation and effects of different biogas distribution strategies. Two potential sectors for biogas use are covered: the transport sector and the district heating sector. A quantitative, optimising, energy system modelling approach is applied and the region of Västra Götaland, Sweden, is studied. The model has a high geographical resolution and locations of both biogas feedstock and potential markets are taken into account. The results show that a small part of the technical biogas potential can be cost-effectively utilised without biogas subsidies or larger infrastructural investments. Comparably low subsidies give significant increases in cost-effective biogas utilisation levels, but utilisation close to the full technical potential is linked to high subsidies. From a techno-economic perspective, biogas is best used as vehicle gas. Since local vehicle gas markets are limited, enhanced biogas distribution conditions not only imply larger total cost-effective biogas utilisation, but also a larger share of biogas as vehicle gas. Compared to distribution strategies based on truck transports and regional biogas grids, an expanded natural gas grid presents possibilities but also risks.
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| 6. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling transport fuel pathways: Achieving cost-effective oil use reduction in passenger cars in Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Technological Forecasting and Social Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625. ; 79:5, s. 801-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several technology and fuel options could be used to lower the strong oil dependence of the transportation sector. To formulate policies and to cost-effectively meet oil reduction objectives, assessments and comparisons of the long-term economic performances of different technology trajectories are essential. In this work, the energy and technology costs associated with reducing oil consumption in passenger cars in Sweden are calculated for a number of possible future transport fuel pathways and for different energy prices and climate policies. An optimisation model is applied in a simulatory multiple-run approach for this purpose. The model encompasses the transportation sector, as well as the stationary energy system. In terms of results, a methanol-based pathway gives incremental system costs in the range of − 0.9–3 billion EUR for a complete phase-out of passenger car oil up to 2030. As compared to the methanol pathway, other biomass gasification-based fuel pathways involve additional incremental system costs in the region of 3 billion EUR, whereas ethanol- and electricity-based pathways give additional incremental system costs of 4–5 billion EUR. At lower oil reduction levels, the cost differences between the pathways are smaller and the electricity-based pathway is significantly more cost-competitive.
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| 7. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980
(författare)
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Techno-Economic Perspectives on Biofuel Futures – Modelling Transport Sector Strategies in an Energy System Context
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The high oil dependence and the continuous growth of energy use in the transport sector have in recent years triggered interest in transport biofuels as a measure to mitigate climate change andimprove energy security. This work aims to examine techno-economic interactions linked totransport biofuel strategies in national and regional energy systems and their implications for thecost-effective realisation of energy policy objectives. The work applies an explorative,quantitative modelling approach, in which applications of the optimising energy system modelMARKAL are developed and utilised. The thesis is based on four papers. Paper I and Paper IIapply a regional perspective with the Västra Götaland region of Sweden as the geographicalfocus. Paper I studies system aspects of biomass gasification technologies, and Paper II examinesthe prospects for biogas from anaerobic digestion and the implications of different strategies forgas distribution. Paper III and Paper IV model the Swedish road transport sector as an integratedpart of the national energy system. Paper III assesses the impact of transport fuel tax designs onthe competitiveness of different fuel and technology options, and Paper IV investigates potentialtransport fuel pathways for oil reduction in the passenger car fleet.Both at the regional and national scale, the results show that limitations in low-cost biomasssupply induce a trade-off between biomass use in the transport sector and biomass use in thestationary energy system. The latter option is often a more energy-efficient way of reducing CO2emissions. However, which is the more cost-effective measure depends on energy marketconditions in general and the oil price in particular. Higher energy service demands and morestringent climate targets increase the incentives for energy-efficient resource utilisation. Suchdevelopment pushes biomass use towards stationary applications (heat and power) and increasesthe competitiveness of energy-efficient vehicle technologies such as hybrids and electric vehicles.However, in the medium term, transport fuel pathways based on biomass gasification show largepotential of being a cost-effective option for lowered oil dependence.From a techno-economic perspective, biogas from anaerobic digestion is generally better used astransport fuel than for heat and power generation. Due to limitations in local vehicle gas markets,enhanced conditions for biogas distribution imply a somewhat higher cost-effective total biogasutilisation but, in particular, a shift from biogas use in heat and power generation to biogas use inthe transport sector. An expansion of the natural gas grid implies possibilities of higher cost-effectivebiogas utilisation levels due to increased opportunities for low-cost biogas distribution tolarge potential markets. However, from a bioenergy perspective, a grid expansion also involvesrisks due to increased competition from natural gas.Transport fuel taxation provides important incentives for acceleration of the competitiveness ofenergy-efficient vehicle technologies such as hybrids and electric vehicles. Tax exemptionsincrease the attractiveness of biofuels from a vehicle user perspective, but can lead to increasedCO2 emissions in the stationary energy system. As a consequence, the CO2 abatement costsassociated with biofuel tax exemption policies can be high; however, cost reductions are possiblethrough concurrent schemes for vehicle energy efficiency. For a given CO2 reduction, the resultsindicate (for a range of scenarios) that the incremental energy and technology costs of a completeoil phase-out in the Swedish passenger car fleet are lower than about one-fourth of the currentgovernmental transport fuel tax revenues.
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Transport biofuel futures in energy economy modeling: a review.
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The high oil dependence and the growth of energy use in the transport sector have increased interest in alternative fuels as a measure to mitigate climate change and improve energy security. More ambitious energy and environmental targets and larger use of alternative energy in the transport sector increase system effects over sector boundaries, and while the stationary energy sector (e.g., electricity and heat generation) and the transport sector earlier to large degree could be considered as separate systems with limited interaction, integrated analysis approaches now grow in importance. In recent years, the scientific literature has presented an increasing number of energy-economic systems analysis modeling studies treating the transport sector as an integrated part of the energy system and/or economy. Many of these studies provide important insights regarding transport biofuels. The work summarizes and analyzes input data and transport biofuel-related results of 29 peer reviewed scientific journal articles presenting studies based on different energy-economic models. About half of the studies apply a global perspective and about half a regional or national perspective. Examples of models and model frameworks that are used in the studies included in the review are PRIMES, MARKAL, TIMES, AIM/Enduse, POLES, GCAM, GET and REDGEM70. The studies apply medium-term to long-term perspectives, with time horizons in most cases ending between 2040 and 2100. Most of the studies show low to intermediate market shares, with levels below 40% at the end of the studied time horizons for climate policy scenarios. Biofuels are to a higher degree seen in medium-term than in long-term model results. In the latter case, many of the models instead favor hydrogen or electricity-based transport options as competition for limited amounts of biomass increases with more stringent emission targets. Besides transport biofuels, energy efficient vehicle technologies, such as plug-in hybrids and, in the longer term, fuel cell vehicles, are an essential part in many of the model scenarios meeting future stringent climate targets.
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| 9. |
- Fakhri, Akram, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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MODELING REGIONAL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS – THE CASE OF SOUTH-WESTERN SWEDEN
- 2012
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Ingår i: DHC13, the 13th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. ; , s. 219-224
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biomass has become the main fuel for district heating (DH) systems in Sweden and is used both in heat-only boilers and, increasingly, in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. DH contributes also to increased sustainability through the utilization of waste heat (WH) which substitutes for primary energy use. Both the geographical distribution of WH sources and the scale effects of bio CHP plants are driving forces for the merging of DH systems. In this study, we are assessing opportunities for connecting local DH systems by transmission pipelines in the Västra Götaland region of Sweden and the system effects and costs of such investments. The assessment is carried out assisted by the optimizing MARKAL_WS model, in which the municipal DH systems in the region are represented individually as well as their relative geographical distribution. The results indicate that linking of local DH systems into larger regional systems can assist economic and environmental sustainability since it enables utilization of, currently unexploited, industrial waste heat resources. However, the cost-effectiveness of pipeline investments is dependent on the size of the available WH capacity. Furthermore, increased use of WH leads to less electricity generation from CHP in the region.
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| 10. |
- Mutua, John, et al.
(författare)
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Distributional Effects of Transport Fuel Taxes in Kenya: Case of Nairobi
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sterner, T. (ed.), Fuel Taxes and the Poor: The distributional consequences of gasoline taxation and their implications for climate policy, RFF Press. - : RFF Press. - 9781617260926 ; , s. 203-212
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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