| 1. |
- Ah-King, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Genital Evolution : Why Are Females Still Understudied?
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS biology. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1544-9173 .- 1545-7885. ; 12:5, s. e1001851-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diversity, variability, and apparent rapid evolution of animal genitalia are a vivid focus of research in evolutionary biology, and studies exploring genitalia have dramatically increased over the past decade. These studies, however, exhibit a strong male bias, which has worsened since 2000, despite the fact that this bias has been explicitly pointed out in the past. Early critics argued that previous investigators too often considered only males and their genitalia, while overlooking female genitalia or physiology. Our analysis of the literature shows that overall this male bias has worsened with time. The degree of bias is not consistent between subdisciplines: studies of the lock-and-key hypothesis have been the most male focused, while studies of cryptic female choice usually consider both sexes. The degree of bias also differed across taxonomic groups, but did not associate with the ease of study of male and female genital characteristics. We argue that the persisting male bias in this field cannot solely be explained by anatomical sex differences influencing accessibility. Rather the bias reflects enduring assumptions about the dominant role of males in sex, and invariant female genitalia. New research highlights how rapidly female genital traits can evolve, and how complex coevolutionary dynamics between males and females can shape genital structures. We argue that understanding genital evolution is hampered by an outdated single-sex bias.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Barron, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Corporate political strategizing in the European Union during the 2007-2010 recession : an exploratory study
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning. C, Government and Policy. - : Pion Ltd. - 0263-774X .- 1472-3425. ; 29:5, s. 783-801
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using original data collected from a survey of Brussels-based Government Affairs Managers (GAMs) in May and June 2010, we explore the political actions of firms in the European Union during the 2007 – 10 financial crisis. Findings suggest that the financial constraints imposed by the crisis had a significant impact on whether GAMs entered into short-term or long-term relationships with policy makers and whether they engaged in individual or collective action. Significant cross-country differences were also observed between the political objectives pursued by firms, their propensity to engage in collective political action, and the tactics they use to influence policy makers. Taken together, these findings challenge institutional explanations of EU lobbying, which suggest that the EU system of policy making provides powerful incentives for firms to adopt specific lobbying behaviours in order to gain a seat at the EU policy-making table.
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| 4. |
- Barron, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring corporate lobbyists' perception of prospective coalition partners in Brussels
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning. C, Government and Policy. - : Pion Limited. - 0263-774X .- 1472-3425. ; 32:6, s. 963-981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using original data from a survey conducted in 2012, we apply theoretical insights from the literature on strategic alliances to explore Brussels-based corporate lobbyists’ perceptions of prospective political partners. We find these perceptions to be driven primarily by strategic considerations. We also uncover instances where the size and nationality of respondents’ firms influence their partner evaluations. Surprisingly, we find little evidence that respondents’ assessments of lobbying partners are shaped by EU institutional arrangements. Whilst extant literature suggests information and relationships are important preconditions for successful EU lobbying, we expose the specific circumstances when seeking access to these—and other political resources—that can influence corporate lobbyists’ perceptions of their partners. Combined, our findings respond to a concern that scholars of interest coalitions focus on why firms lobby in coalitions whilst overlooking how they select their lobbying partners.
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| 5. |
- Barron, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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The financial crisis and the gathering of political intelligence : A cross-country comparison of SMEs in France, Sweden and the UK
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Small Business Journal. - : SAGE. - 0266-2426 .- 1741-2870. ; , s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports the findings of a study that compared cross-national differences in how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) monitored political responses to the economic and financial crisis of 2007–2009. Original, empirical data collected through an online survey of 206 small business managers in France, Sweden and the UK were analysed to explore the extent that they monitored policy responses to the crisis, their motivations for doing so, and the sources of information they used for political intelligence gathering purposes. The findings show that the monitoring of political initiatives by SMEs in response to the recession varied in accordance with the extent to which their countries are affected by the recession. Also, small business managers on the whole considered it more important, despite the international nature of the crisis, to monitor political responses in national rather than supranational political settings. Contrary to our expectations, we found that SMEs across all three countries drew on similarly wide sources of information when monitoring policy responses to the crisis. Also surprising was the finding that SME managers in the UK relied heavily on official government sources when gathering intelligence on attempts to alleviate the recession’s effects.
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| 6. |
- Hultén, Peter, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-country differences in attitudes to business associations during the 2007–2010 recession
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of World Business. - : Elsevier. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 47, s. 352-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses empirical data gathered through an on-line survey of 206 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), conducted in France, Sweden and the UK. The paper examines cross-country differences in SME managers’ perceptions of business associations as sources of political intelligence and their ability to influence policy responses to financial crises. Findings demonstrate that the respondents’ countries of origin are significantly correlated with (1) their use of information sources to gather political intelligence, (2) their perceptions regarding the effectiveness of business associations in influencing policy outcomes, and (3) their perceptions regarding policymakers’ appreciation of information provided by SME associations.
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