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- Beach, Hugh, 1949-
(författare)
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Linking Essentialist and Constructivist Ethnicity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Borealia. - : Routledge. - 0800-3831 .- 1503-111X. ; 30:2, s. 129-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that the essentialist and the constructivist positions within theories of ethnicity are in fact compatible if one introduces a concept here called "internalized fluid capacities", connoting that which is inherently (genetically) dispositional — and in that sense biologically "anticipated" — but which remains to be developed into observable social characteristics through sociocultural impact. This perspective is based on the genetic capacity to mold or "instruct" the development of an organism from its embryonic state and onwards by using prior stages as points of departure for further instructions. In this way, certain fluid capacities become imprinted in individuals and collectivities through reinforcing interaction with the ambient society. These capacities may then harden and develop into apparent "essentials", forming a group's collective self-image. The article concludes with the suggestion that this explanatory model can be usefully applied to the debate around Swedish governmental definitions of Saamihood.
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| 4. |
- Beach, Hugh, 1949-
(författare)
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Nordic Reflections on Northern Social Research
- 2012
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Ingår i: <em>A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe</em>. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781405190732 - 9781444362152 - 9781118257203 ; , s. 32-50
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Einarsson, Níels, 1962-
(författare)
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Culture, Conflict and Crises in the Icelandic Fisheries : An Anthropological Study of People, Policy and Marine Resources in the North Atlantic Arctic
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is offered as a contribution to studies of social and cultural change in the Icelandic fisheries and fishing communities. Such changes may be seen as a result of the interplay of internal dynamics with both national and global forces and processes, not least with regard to the impacts of fisheries governance. These changes occur also in an international context of new environmental ideologies and perceptions of marine mammals, with consequences for social dynamics of local resource-use. Here it is argued that the conflicts over the harvesting or conservation of cetaceans can productively be understood from a cultural perspective. The thesis discusses the elevation of whales as symbols of particular value, and the metaphorical and cognitive aspects of, in particular, anthropomorphism, the projection of human motives and values onto animal behaviour, as a significant and effective part of conservation rhetoric and ideology.Specifically, the thesis deals with issues concerning whaling and whale watching along with issues and debates concerning these alternative forms of exploiting marine mammals. It also discusses central questions regarding fisheries governance and rights to fishing with reference to social and economic viability in Icelandic fishing communities. The unifying themes of this thesis are: how marine-mammal issues and controversies and social impacts of fisheries governance form part of globalization processes; how environmental and economic paradigms influence change, particularly in terms of marine-mammal conservation campaigns and market liberalist resource policy; and how these external ideological forces call for responses at local and national levels. The adaptive actions of the human agents and communities involved are described as creative, cumulative and complex. The thesis also highlights the central transformative role of the new regime of private property rights introduced into Icelandic fisheries governance in the 1980s.
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- Lundgren, Silje, 1978-
(författare)
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Heterosexual Havana : Ideals and hierarchies of gender and sexuality in contemporary Cuba
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Drawing on two periods of ethnographic fieldwork in Vedado, Havana, in 2004–2007, this dissertation analyses the interconnections between gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality. With theoretical inspiration from the works of Stevi Jackson and Beverley Skeggs, it discusses how the logics underlying heterosexual relations also regulate hierarchical gendered ideals. It examines how gendered conceptions of sexuality confirm a position of heterosexual desirability, and traces a specifically heterosexual gender construction of men and women as oppositional forces, glued together in a relationship of eroticized complementarity.Moreover, the dissertation shows that the everyday negotiation of ideals around gender and sexuality is characterized by constant hierarchization. It explores how the emic concept of ‘cultural level’ is used in a process of othering to mark moral distance and create a position of superiority. It also suggests that in post-crisis Cuba, the body has become a new site on which to inscribe distinction and mark privilege, as a way of navigating in a context of new and unfamiliar differentiations.The dissertation demonstrates how female eroticism, male eroticized performances in street interaction, and the female body ideal are central sites for establishing an image of national particularity. In this historic moment, these have also become sites for marking difference and creating hierarchies. The dissertation argues that inclusive and unifying conceptions of ‘Cubanness’ are both delineated and reinforced through exclusion and the demarcation of difference within this collectivity.This notion of the nation carries gendered and sexualized inscriptions. It has been constructed through the historical exclusion of non-heterosexuality, which has been closely connected to the consolidation of a specific ideal of masculinity. The dissertation analyses the destabilizing potential of a shift in Cuban sexual politics during the last two decades and explores how this might imply a new configuration of the relationship between gender and sexuality.
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| 9. |
- Spasenić, Jelena, 1979-
(författare)
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The Shadows of the Past : A Study of Life-World and Identity of Serbian Youth after the Milošević Regime
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis explores the consequences of the Milošević regime and the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s for young people in Serbia. It deals with the conditions under which recent history makes itself relevant in the lives of two high-school classes of eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds. In order to unravel the ramifications of the past, anthropological fieldwork was conducted for twelve months during 2007-2009 in the city of Novi Sad, situated in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The study builds on participant observation and interviews. It pays attention to the interplay of objective conditions, which have arisen from complex social processes in the Balkans, and subjective understanding of past events and their corollaries in social relations at present. Drawing on a phenomenological perspective, symbolic interactionism, and social identity theory, which provide important insights into the processes of cognition and identification, it is demonstrated that young people’s relationship to the past and present of their society is marked by ambivalence. Most of the participants in the study have no experience of the war in the true sense of the word. On the other hand, they do have an experience of a surrounding world characterized by considerable social contradictions and oppositions, and of people who are stressed and worried about the future. A closer investigation of the realms of school, family, society, and self indicates that the impacts and meanings of historical events due to differing cultural and political models are not uniform. In order to be of import in everyday life, they have to be integrated into individuals’ comprehension of their world. Such an integration of the legacies of the past will depend not only on the human capacity for moral reflection but also on the prospects for economic development and social stability in Serbia.
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- Ögmundardóttir, Helga, 1965-
(författare)
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The Shepherds of Þjórsárver. : Traditional Use and Hydropower Development in the Commons of the Icelandic Highland.
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study explores a damming dispute that has been going on for over four decades in Iceland, about whether a dam, Norðlingaölduveita, should be built in the central highland, near the glacier Hofsjökull and the wetland reserve Þjórsárver, or not. The study focuses on the local resistance against the dam, led by a group of people in the farming community Gnúpverjahreppur, which has its highland grazing commons in the Þjórsárver area. This group is supported by both national and international individuals and organisations for the preservation of Þjórsárver. The Icelandic National Power Company has had the damming project on its agenda as a part of the total damming of the river Þjórsá, which runs from the glacier Hofsjökull to the Atlantic Ocean, mostly for electricity production to power aluminium plants in the southwest part of Iceland, near the capital, Reykjavík. The local resistance has its roots in the traditional way of herding sheep, especially the custom of letting the community’s sheep graze in its highland commons during the summer and fetching them in the autumn in the fjallferð, or ‘mountain round-up’. In the fjallferð, people from most of the farms participate, searching together in the vast highland nature for sheep, according to elaborate search patterns, where knowledge of the area, courage and cooperation are a key to success. Through these annual round-ups, that have been practiced for hundreds of years, the people not only create and recreate close ties with each other, as a community with common goals, but also maintain an intimate and long-lasting relationship with the nature of their highland commons. In its features, the people read and recall the history of their community, its successes and losses, past and future. Seeing the commons as a vital part of their community, they are not willing to jeopardize the nature there. Although this conflict lacks the indigenous dimension that is often found in such conflicts elsewhere, its rhetoric follows similar lines. The study thus offers an interesting contribution to the research field of environmental resource and land use disputes.
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