| 1. |
- Beckman, Claes, Professor, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Can local 5G networks using local spectrum be used as platform for digitalization of industrial systems and services?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings 31st European Regional ITS Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 2022.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local 5G spectrum licenses has recently attracted a great deal of attention and expectations from both industry and governments all over the world. One reason is the expectation that 5G local industrial networks using local spectrum can be used to support digitalization of industrial processes, and hence increase productivity of industrial use cases. In support of these expectations, governments all over the world have allocated spectrum for local 5G licensing in the 3.5GHz band with various conditions.This paper focuses on local 5G networks for "private" use, these non-public networks are commonly referred to as Non-Public Networks (NPNs). We present results and discussion about implications in three areas: Network capacity and cost for 5G NPN for industrial use; Allocation of local spectrum licenses; Ecosystem analysis of business models and value networks. For the two first areas our analysis indicates that previously identified questions related to radio-interference and co-existence between NPN and operator macro cell networks still seem to be challenging. It is unclear if 5G NPN using Time-Division Duplex (TDD) at the 3.5 GHz band can satisfy performance and operational needs in the field of industrial radio systems. Hence, the value of this type of local 5G licenses need to be further discussed.For the third area and the question “what actor is doing what?” we see a need to look more into solutions where different types of actors cooperate and contribute to different parts of the value network. This is in contrast to what is described in many papers and reports where the assumption is that one type of actor will take care of all or most of the roles.
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| 2. |
- Beckman, Claes, Professor, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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High Reliability Air-to-Ground Communication System based on Aggregation of Terrestrial Networks
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 28th Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, APCC 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 75-80
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Providing connectivity to helicopters and drones is a challenging issue both from a technical as well as financial perspective. One possible cost efficient solution to the problem is for the aircraft to connect directly to the already deployed terrestrial public networks and aggregate their combined capacity and coverage at the Internet Protocol (IP) level. In this study we equipped an Airbus helicopter H135 with external antennas from VITES GmbH, two Icomera 'X5/X6' multi-SIM routers, including Icomera's autonomous test and monitoring system 'Surveyor', and conducted multiple test flights over a rural area in southern Germany. The results showed that using Icomera's patented technology it is possible to connect a helicopter or a drone, flying at an altitude of 10.000 ft (3048 m), to multiple terrestrial public cellular networks. Thus, obtaining high capacity, large coverage and high reliability connections to the helicopter.
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| 3. |
- Beckman, Claes, Professor, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Starlink and Cellular Connectivity under Mobility : Drive Testing Across the Arctic Circle
- 2024
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Ingår i: 2024 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, WTS 2024. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9798350317886
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks such as Starlink can provide broadband connectivity in sparsely populated regions, including those located in arctic and subarctic regions. However, only satellites in a subset of inclination planes can serve these northern regions. In order to evaluate Starlink connectivity in these geographically extreme regions, we perform a drive test across the arctic circle measuring Starlink and cellular connectivity. We analyze the results with regards to Starlink throughput characteristics including the effects of the 15 second reconfiguration interval, and compare the throughput and connectivity. Starlink generally provide better throughput, with around 10x better median throughput than our comparison cellular network. However, the low tail of the distribution is less impressive with more frequent connectivity losses. Our results also show that the combination of Starlink and cellular has the potential to provide considerable gains in aggregated connection reliability and tail throughput. We additionally discuss policy implications relating to state subsidy policies designed to ensure that the whole population has access to broadband connectivity.
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| 4. |
- Burman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Slutrapport: Genomförbarhetsstudie - Lokala nät och lokal spektrumanvändning för industriella radiosystem
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport sammanfattar vi utfört utredningsarbete för den studie som vi genomfört under perioden november 2020 – mars 2021 avseende lokala 5G-nät för industrin.Medverkande har varit Boliden Mineral AB, Åkerströms i Björbo AB, Post- och Telesturelsen (PTS) samt KTH. Studien har finansierats av det strategiska innovationsprogrammet Smartare elektroniksystem - en gemensam satsning av Vinnova, Formas och Energimyndigheten.Rapporten rymmer två typer av material, dels beskrivning av nuläge dels analys och slutsatser.Nulägesbeskrivningen för 5G innefattar: status för spektrumtilldelning och utbyggnad av nät i några länder samt om forskning och standardisering vad gäller lokala 5G-nät för industrin.Analysdelen består av resonemang och resultat inom fyra olika områden: i) krav och behov, ii) möjliga scenarier och alternativ för systemlösningar, iii) kort summering av centrala tekniska faktorer för lokala nät avsedda för industrin, samt iv) sammanställning av utmaningar för olika aktörer och för spektrumtilldelning.Icke-publika nät (Non-public networks, NPN) är ett globalt fenomen med stort stöd och intresse från existerande ekosystem inom industri och telekom men även från helt nya spelare från tex IT industrin. NPN drivs av industrins behov av säker och tillförlitlig uppkoppling för digitalisering och automatisering av sina processer. Idag är industrins uppkoppling främst trådbunden, alternativt så använder man sig av ”proprietära”- eller WiFi baserade system i icke-licensierade band (alternativt smala frekvensband specifikt dedicerade för olika industriprocesser). Trådbunden uppkoppling är långsiktigt inte önskvärt för industrin då det begränsar rörligheten.För tillverkare av industriell radiostyrning är slutsatsen att man långsiktigt måste förbereda sig på att migrera från punkt-till-punkt kommunikation till användning av cellulära nätverk. För att industriföretag skall kunna ta beslut om investering i cellulär teknik för uppkoppling istället för tex WiFi, krävs långsiktighet både tekniskt och affärsmässigt. Det är därför viktigt att man kan tillhandahålla frekvenser för industriellt bruk. Bandet 3,72-3,80 GHz är i många länder tilldelat för lokala tillstånd. Detta band är definierat för TDD och behöver synkroniseras med operatörernas nät samt även använda samma fördelning av trafik mellan upp-och nedlänk som dessa nät. Industrins kapacitetsbehov är främst i upplänk medan operatörsnäten främst tillhandahåller video i nedlänk. Vidare finns ett antal andra utmaningar för samexistens mellan lokala nät och operatörsnät. Det är i nuläget oklart om man via endast TDD-tillstånd i 3,5 GHz eller högre frekvensband kommer att kunna tillfredsställa alla behov inom området industriell radiostyrning och icke publika nät.Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att detta projekt har identifierat ett antal osäkerheter och utmaningar avseende lokala 5G-nät för industrin. Vår bedömning är att dessa är så stora att det i nuläget saknas underlag för att definiera ett större utvecklingsprojekt. För att kunna definiera ett relevant projekt för att utveckla och testa 5G baserad system för industriell radiostyrning behöver ytterligare underlag tas fram. Dessutom bör man även invänta beslut från PTS avseende allokering av frekvenser för industrin.
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| 5. |
- Garcia, Johan, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring and Modeling Aggregate LTE Connection Reliability for Train Operations
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 IEEE International Workshop Technical Committee on Communications Quality and Reliability (CQR). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781665410670 - 9781665410663 ; , s. 31-36
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the connection reliability of LTE cellular infrastructure for supporting train signaling systems. In particular, the impact of simultaneous use of multiple networks on reliability is considered, along with failure correlation effects. We present a tailored reliability model, and report on data collected from many train-mounted cellular routers. Connection reliability reaches 99.994% when aggregation is used, compared to 99.953% for the best single link. Both modeling and measurement results show greatly improved reliability when aggregating over multiple links, thus indicating that commercial cellular networks may be useful for providing connectivity to future train signaling systems.
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| 6. |
- Kynman, Ossian, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis and Measurement of Key Performance Indicators for MIMO Antennas
- 2024
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Ingår i: 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2024. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predicting the performance of antenna arrays designed for MIMO communications is difficult. To determine the benefits that additional antenna elements may provide to a wireless system, the statistical correlation between the signals received from the antennas needs to be evaluated. In 2003 Blanch, proposed a simple method to estimate the correlation coefficient from S-parameters and in 2005 Hallbjorner proposed a modified version including the effect of antenna efficiency. We investigate the validity of these methods. Three different antenna arrays, with four elements each, and with varying efficiency and mutual coupling were designed, manufactured and measured. The method proposed by Blanch was found to be inaccurate whereas the Hallbjorner method produced better results but required determination of antenna efficiencies. S-parameter measurements alone do not provide valid estimates of the MIMO performance of antenna arrays. In order to evaluate MIMO performance, the antenna efficiency is paramount and needs to be measured accurately.
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| 7. |
- Mikkelsen, Herman, et al.
(författare)
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Benchmarking Alternative Technologies for providing Voice Services onboard Trains
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Providing cellular voice onboard trains has proven to be a challenging task. The metallic chassis and the energysaving coating on the windows act as a radio shield. In combination with sparsely spaced cellular base stations on rural routes, the coverage onboard inter-city trains is under dimensioned. Since the late 1990s, analog 'amplify and forward' radio repeaters have been used extensively to provide coverage of cellular voice onboard trains. However, repeater systems have proven to be both expensive and technically problematic for both trains as well as mobile network operators. In this study, three alternative technologies for providing cellular voice onboard trains are investigated and benchmarked. The technologies under investigation are: circuit-switched voice on GSM and 3G; Voice over IP on LTE (VoLTE); Voice over the onboard Wi-Fi network (VoWiFi). To benchmark these systems against each other, measurements were conducted onboard Swedish X2000 trains, en-route between Stockholm and Gothenburg. In particular we measure: the Availability; the Retainability: Geographical Coverage and Voice quality. Our results show that VoWiFi over the onboard Wi-Fi network outperforms GSM, UMTS as well as VoLTE provided over the onboard repeaters, with equal voice quality as VoLTE but nearly 100% availability and nearly 100% retainability.
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