| 1. |
- Berg, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Skolans kommunalisering och de professionellas frirum
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SammanfattningI enlighet med studiens uppdragsbeskrivning uppmärksammas följande frågeställningar i denna rapport: (1) Vilka konsekvenser i fråga om professionellt frirum har skolans kommunalisering öppnat för från 1990-talet och fram till dagsläget, och (2) har frirummet under denna tidsperiod använts av de professionella för självständiga handlingar, och i så fall hur? I rapporten behandlas lärares och skolledares yrkesutövande under tidsperioden från skolans kommunalisering i början av 1990-talet till dagsläget (2013) i ett institutionellt perspektiv. Frirum är alltså rapportens nyckelbegrepp, och givet detta tonar den s.k. frirumsteorin fram som en i sammanhanget adekvat analysram.Frågan om frirum och professionell frirumsanvändning behandlas under tre tidsperioder. Den skolinstitution som utvecklades under efterkrigstiden fram till 1980-talets slut benämns som i huvudsak centraliserad och regelstyrd, och medgav ett professionellt frirum som för lärares del i huvudsak var koncentrerat till klassrumsarbete. Den kommunaliserade skola som in-fördes i början av 1990-talet innebar en decentraliseringslinje som i sin tur öppnade för en marknadslinje. Med en samlingsbeteckning kan 1990-talets skolinstitution karaktäriseras som målstyrd och decentraliserad. Intentionerna bakom decentraliseringslinjen var bl.a. att fri-rummet för skolans professionella skulle vidgas till att i princip omfatta skolverksamhet i alla dess operativa aspekter. I marknadslinjen betonades värden som valfrihet och konkurrens, och en väsentlig vikt lades här vid föräldrars och elevers fria skolval. 2000-talets skolinstitution präglas av centraliserad resultatstyrning, vilket står för att inom kommunaliseringens, valfrihetens och det fria skolvalets ramar har staten infört en successivt alltmer finmaskig kontrollapparat. Skolinspektionen tonar fram som det främsta uttrycket för denna skolinstitutionella struktur, och inspektionens 2000-tals historia präglas av en gradvis skärpning av kontrollens utövande och möjliga sanktionsåtgärder för att korrigera skolverksamheter som inte bedöms hålla måttet. Ord som kvalitetsgranskning och kvalitetsarbete är nyckelbegrepp i detta sammanhang. Allmänt uttryckt innebär en mer utbyggd kontrollapparat att det formella frirummet för lärares och skolledares egna och självständiga handlingar minskar. De tre nämnda institutionella strukturerna vilar officiellt sett på begreppet likvärdighet, men detta begrepp har tillskrivits olika innebörder som kan förstås i ljuset av respektive institutionell struktur.Att frirummet formellt sett ökade under 1990-talets decentralisering, och minskade under 2000-talet till följd av utbyggnaden av den statliga kontrollapparaten, säger emellertid inte särskilt mycket om de professionellas faktiska frirumsanvändning. Att det över tid existerat – och fortfarande existerar – varierande art och grad av frirum för skolprofessionella handlingar innebär emellertid inte att det faktiskt används av skolans yrkesgrupper för egna och själv-ständiga handlingar. Med hänvisning till forskning, utvecklingsarbeten och annan empiri argumenteras i rapporten för att utvecklingsarbeten som syftat till utökad frirumsanvändning ofta utmynnat i intressemotsättningar mellan olika professionella aktörer snarare än kvalitetshöjande verksamhet. Rapporten visar även att 1990-talets decentralisering, som var tänkt att ge utrymme för en professionell frirumsanvändning som för lärares del sträckte sig utöver själva klassrumsarbetet, inte sällan stannade på kommunal skolpolitisk och förvaltningsnivå, och därmed i begränsad omfattning påverkade skolornas reella vardagsarbete. Rapporten visar vidare att även i dagens centraliserade och resultatstyrda skolinstitution existerar ett frirum som uppmärksammar lärares klassrumsarbete och rektorers resultat- och verksamhetsansvar, men som också lyfter fram skolors kollektiva professionella ansvar för vardagsarbetet.Rapporten har av avgränsningsskäl ett huvudsakligt fokus på grundskolan, men de principiella slutsatserna gäller även i allt väsentligt även för gymnasieskolan.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Low-consistency refining of mechanical pulp in the light of forces on fibres
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:2, s. 225-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this investigation was to find new approaches to evaluate the performance of low-consistency refiners. Data from a paper mill producing TMP from Norway spruce was used in order to find a possible way to calculate the power split between the zones in a TwinFlo refiner. An assumption of equal amount of fibres captured between overlapping bars was found successful in order to develop equations for the power split. The equations predicted equal power in both zones at equal disc gaps. The power was found to increase approximately linearly with decreasing disc gap over the range, 0.1-0.2 mm. The power split was essential to know for calculating refining intensities expressed as specific edge load and forces on fibres in the two zones. The reduction in fibre length was about 5% at 0.17 mm disc gap or at 0.03 N forces on fibres or at 0.7 J/m specific edge load. Disc gap, forces on fibres and specific edge load was found to predict fibre shortening approximately equally upon changes in power and flow rate through the refiner.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Emilsson, Össur Ingi, et al.
(författare)
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Definition of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux for studies on respiratory diseases
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5521 .- 1502-7708. ; 51:5, s. 524-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (nGER) has been associated with respiratory diseases. Our aim was to study a questionnaire method to identify nGER subjects with respiratory involvement in a general population. Material and methods A subgroup of Icelandic participants in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III (ECRHS III) reporting symptoms of nGER (n =48) as well as age and gender paired controls (n =42) were studied further by a structured interview, questionnaires, laryngeal fibrescopy, and exhaled breath condensate. A subgroup underwent 24-h oesophageal pH impedance (24-h MII-pH) measurements. Symptoms of nGER were assessed with a modified version of the reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ), where symptoms were divided into daytime and nocturnal. A report of nGER both at baseline and at follow-up was defined as persistent nGER. Results Participants reporting persistent nGER had significantly more signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux according to the reflux finding score than those without nGER (Mean +/- SD: 5.1 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.9 +/- 2.2, p =0.02). Of the 16 persistent nGER subjects that underwent 24-h MII-pH, 11 had abnormal gastroesophageal reflux, but none of three control subjects (69% vs. 0%). Pepsin was more commonly found in exhaled breath condensate in the nGER group (67% vs. 45%, p =0.04). Conclusions Participants with nGER symptoms at least once a month, reported on two occasions, had a high level of positive 24-h MII-pH measurements, laryngeal inflammation and pepsin in exhaled breath condensate. This nGER definition identified a representable group for studies on nGER and respiratory diseases in a general population.
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| 5. |
- Niaudet, Colin, et al.
(författare)
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Gpr116 Receptor Regulates Distinctive Functions in Pneumocytes and Vascular Endothelium
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite its known expression in both the vascular endothelium and the lung epithelium, until recently the physiological role of the adhesion receptor Gpr116/ADGRF5 has remained elusive. We generated a new mouse model of constitutive Gpr116 inactivation, with a large genetic deletion encompassing exon 4 to exon 21 of the Gpr116 gene. This model allowed us to confirm recent results defining Gpr116 as necessary regulator of surfactant homeostasis. The loss of Gpr116 provokes an early accumulation of surfactant in the lungs, followed by a massive infiltration of macrophages, and eventually progresses into an emphysemalike pathology. Further analysis of this knockout model revealed cerebral vascular leakage, beginning at around 1.5 months of age. Additionally, endothelial-specific deletion of Gpr116 resulted in a significant increase of the brain vascular leakage. Mice devoid of Gpr116 developed an anatomically normal and largely functional vascular network, surprisingly exhibited an attenuated pathological retinal vascular response in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. These data suggest that Gpr116 modulates endothelial properties, a previously unappreciated function despite the pan-vascular expression of this receptor. Our results support the key pulmonary function of Gpr116 and describe a new role in the central nervous system vasculature.
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| 6. |
- Roos, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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In Vivo Mechanisms of Intestinal Drug Absorption from Aprepitant Nanoformulations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Molecular Pharmaceutics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1543-8384 .- 1543-8392. ; 14:12, s. 4233-4242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over recent decades there has been an increase in the proportion of BCS class II and IV drug candidates in industrial drug development. To overcome the biopharmaceutical challenges associated with the less favorable properties of solubility and/or intestinal permeation of these substances, the development of formulations containing nanosuspensions of the drugs has been suggested. The intestinal absorption of aprepitant from two nanosuspensions (20 mu M and 200 mu M total concentrations) in phosphate buffer, one nanosuspension (200 mu M) in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF), and one solution (20 mu M) in FaSSIF was investigated in the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model. The disappearance flux from the lumen (J(disapp)) was faster for formulations containing a total concentration of aprepitant of 200 mu M than for those containing 20 mu M, but was unaffected by the presence of vesicles. The flux into the systemic circulation (J(app)) and, subsequently, the effective diffusion constant (D-eff) were calculated using the plasma concentrations. J(app) was, like J(disapp), faster for the formulations containing higher total concentrations of aprepitant, but was also faster for those containing vesicles (ratios of 2 and 1.5). This suggests that aprepitant is retained in the lumen when presented as nanoparticles in the absence of vesicles. In conclusion, increased numbers of nanoparticles and the presence of vesicles increased the rate of transport and availability of aprepitant in plasma. This effect can be attributed to an increased rate of mass transport through the aqueous boundary layer (ABL) adjacent to the gut wall.
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| 7. |
- Sandberg, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of flow recirculation on pulp quality and energy efficiency in low consistency refining of mechanical pulp
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:2, s. 230-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of pulp flow recirculation on energy efficiency and pulp properties development in low consistency refining of TMP has been studied. Trials were made with TwinFlo 58 refiners in two mills in Sweden. The refiners were operated at constant specific refining energy but different flow conditions. No effect of recirculation was seen on refining energy efficiency, pulp quality or fibre wall delamination/internal fibrillation. At high degree of recirculation though, a somewhat larger fibre length reduction was seen. This means that a large degree of recirculation can be used to attain a high specific energy in one stage low consistency refining, without significant negative effects on fibre properties. If a high specific energy input is desirable, it is more cost effective to install one large refiner with recirculation compared to several small without recirculation in series. When recirculation was increased by means of increased flow through the refiner, the outlet pressure dropped. The lower pressure drop over the refiner probably decreased the internal recirculation between rotor and stator, which could explain the observation that there was little effect on fibre development by recirculation. This means that at certain conditions the distribution in fibre treatment might not increase so much when the outer recirculation is increased, since the internal recirculation might be reduced simultaneously.
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| 8. |
- Sandberg, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chip pretreatment and feeding segments on specific energy and pulp quality in TMP production
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:3, s. 448-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased wood softening and refining intensity have earlier been utilized to improve refining efficiency in mechanical pulping. We have evaluated a combination of increased softening by low dose sulphite chip pretreatment and increased intensity by feeding segment design in a TMP line for production of high quality printing papers. Norway spruce wood chips were preheated, compressed in an Impressafiner and impregnated with water or sodium sulphite solutions (Na2SO3 charges 3.6 and 7.2 kg/t). Chips were refined in two parallel 68" double disc refiners using two different refining conditions: standard bidirectional segments at normal production rate (9 t/h) and feeding segments at increased production rate (11.1-12.1 t/h). The feeding segments enabled a 30 % increase in production rate. Refining with feeding segments at 12.1 t/h production rate combined with chip pretreatment with 3.6 kg/t sodium sulphite reduced the specific energy 360 kWh/t (19 %) compared to refining with standard segments and no pretreatment. Pulp properties were similar for the two configurations. The combination of feeding segments and chip pretreatment with water reduced the specific energy 180 kWh/t (9 %). Implementation of most of the technology presented has reduced the electrical energy use for the mill by approximately 80 GWh/year.
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| 9. |
- Sandberg, Christer, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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LC refining combined with screen fractionation – Reduction of system complexity for mechanical pulping
- 2018
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Ingår i: IMPC 2018. - Trondheim, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Process intensification - a process development method used in the chemical process industry has been appliedto mechanical pulping process design. Process intensification is characterized by significant reduction of energyconsumption and process complexity.A process with single stage high consistency (HC) refining followed by low consistency (LC) refining andscreening was evaluated in mill trials at the Holmen Paper Braviken mill, Sweden. After LC refining, pulp wasscreened and the reject was fed back to LC refining. The process is called HC-LC-S. Two different HC primaryrefiner types were evaluated – single disc (SD) and double disc (DD).High intensity DD chip refining was more suitable than single disc refining for the process due to higher lightscattering and lower shives content of the final pulp. It was also easier to reach high enough tensile index beforeLC refining with the DD refining. The DD-LC-S process required 1940 kWh/adt total specific energy for newsgrade TMP, which was 300 kWh/adt lower than the reference TMP line; DD chip refining and HC rejectrefining. The auxiliary specific energy was reduced with 100 kWh/adt.Six unit operations and three chests with agitators and pumps were omitted compared to a conventional TMPline.
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| 10. |
- Sandberg, Christer, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Low Consistency Refining Combined with Screen Fractionation : Reduction of Mechanical Pulping Process Complexity
- 2019
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Ingår i: BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 14:1, s. 882-894
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Process intensification is a process development methodology aimed at a considerable reduction in the energy consumption and process complexity. The approach has been applied to mechanical pulping process design. A process denoted as HC-LC-S consisting of single stage high consistency (HC) refining, followed by low consistency (LC) refining and screening was evaluated in mill trials at the Holmen Paper Braviken Mill in Sweden. After LC refining, the pulp was screened, and the reject fraction was fed back to LC refining. Two HC primary refiner types were evaluated, namely single disc (SD) and double disc (DD). Double disc chip refining was more suitable than SD refining for the HC-LC-S process because of the higher light scattering and lower shives content of the final pulp. The tensile index and shives content of the pulp produced with the DD-LC-S process was similar to that of the reference process, consisting of single stage DD refining and HC reject refining, but the fibre length and light scattering were somewhat lower. The specific refining energy was approximately 200 kWh/adt lower for the DD-LC-S process compared with the reference. Additionally, the auxiliary specific energy was 100 kWh/adt lower for the HC-LC-S processes, since a number of equipment units were omitted.
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