| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, 1957, et al.
(författare)
-
Contamination and correlation with toxicity of sediment samples from the Skiagerrak and Kattegat
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Journal of Sea Research. - 1385-1101. ; 35:1-3, s. 223-234
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pollution state in the Skagerrak and Kattegat was investigated by determination of pollutant concentrations and toxicity of sediment samples from 11 stations in the area. A comparison was made with the sediment from a reference site near the Faroe Islands. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and organochlorines were determined in whole sediment and heavy metals and ammonia were analysed in filtered pore water. Toxicity was bioassayed in whole sediment with Nitocra spinipes and Daphnia magna, in pore water with Mytilus edulis larvae and in solvent extracts from sediment with tests measuring etoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in Oncorhyncus mykiss and rate of denitrification. Sites close to Goteborg and in an area from the Oslo fjord to the Norwegian Trench were most polluted. Sediment from the Faroe Islands was least polluted and also least toxic. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that the different tests were sensitive to different kinds of pollutants. Effects on mussel larvae correlated strongest with the occurrence of ammonia, manganese, cadmium and PAHs, Nitocra with alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p'-DDD, Daphnia with arsenic and gamma-HCH, fish EROD activity with benzo[ghi]perylene and unknown compounds associated with organic carbon, and denitrification with chlordanes, dieldrin and a few PAHs. The results indicate that sampling sites close to Goteborg are so polluted that harmful effects on the ecosystem probably occur.
|
|
| 5. |
- Nyberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Falls leading to femoral neck fractures in lucid older people
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Journal of The American Geriatrics Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-8614 .- 1532-5415. ; 44:2, s. 156-160
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanisms of falls that result in femoral neck fractures among lucid older people. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: An orthopedic university hospital department. PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive series of 123 lucid patients, 65 years of age or more, who were admitted for femoral neck fractures. MEASUREMENTS: On admission, the subjects were interviewed about fracture accident characteristics, and falling mechanisms were classified. An arterial blood gas sample was taken from each patient soon after admission. Based on data regarding drug consumption and social and medical characteristics, a fall-risk index was calculated for each subject. RESULTS: It was ascertained that 95% of the fractures were caused by falls and < 2% were spontaneous. Most accidents (68%) took place indoors, 47% of the falls were classified as extrinsic, 24% as intrinsic, 7% as nonbipedal, and 22% remained unclassified. Almost all outdoor falls were extrinsic; however, intrinsic falls were as common as extrinsic falls indoors (P < .001). Extrinsic fallers presented a significantly lower fall-risk index score than subjects with fractures caused by intrinsic, nonbipedal, and unclassifiable falls. A large proportion of subjects (24%) wre hypoxemic (pO2 < 8 kPa) on admission, and patients who sustained fractures at night had lower oxygen tension than that of daytime fallers (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Accidental falls are the primary cause of femoral neck fractures. Preventive actions should be directed toward intrinsic, as well as extrinsic, risk factors for falls. Hypoxemia might be a risk factor for falls, especially those falls that occur at night.
|
|
