| 1. |
- Lind, Anne-Li
(författare)
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Biomarkers for Better Understanding of the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Pain : Investigations of Human Biofluids
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chronic pain affects 20 % of the global population, causes suffering, is difficult to treat, and constitutes a large economic burden for society. So far, the characterization of molecular mechanisms of chronic pain-like behaviors in animal models has not translated into effective treatments.In this thesis, consisting of five studies, pain patient biofluids were analyzed with modern proteomic methods to identify biomarker candidates that can be used to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology chronic pain and lead to more effective treatments.Paper I is a proof of concept study, where a multiplex solid phase-proximity ligation assay (SP-PLA) was applied to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the first time. CSF reference protein levels and four biomarker candidates for ALS were presented. The investigated proteins were not altered by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) treatment for neuropathic pain. In Paper II, patient CSF was explored by dimethyl and label-free mass spectrometric (MS) proteomic methods. Twelve proteins, known for their roles in neuroprotection, nociceptive signaling, immune regulation, and synaptic plasticity, were identified to be associated with SCS treatment of neuropathic pain. In Paper III, proximity extension assay (PEA) was used to analyze levels of 92 proteins in serum from patients one year after painful disc herniation. Patients with residual pain had significantly higher serum levels of 41 inflammatory proteins. In Paper IV, levels of 55 proteins were analyzed by a 100-plex antibody suspension bead array (ASBA) in CSF samples from two neuropathic pain patient cohorts, one cohort of fibromyalgia patients and two control cohorts. CSF protein profiles consisting of levels of apolipoprotein C1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2, angiotensinogen, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase, neurexin-1, superoxide dismutases 1 and 3 were found to be associated with neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. In Paper V, higher CSF levels of five chemokines and LAPTGF-beta-1were detected in two patient cohorts with neuropathic pain compared with healthy controls.In conclusion, we demonstrate that combining MS proteomic and multiplex antibody-based methods for analysis of patient biofluid samples is a viable approach for discovery of biomarker candidates for the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic pain. Several biomarker candidates possibly reflecting systemic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation in different pain conditions were identified for further investigation.
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| 2. |
- Botling Taube, Amelie, 1966-
(författare)
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Molecular and epidemiological studies on eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is an age-related condition characterized by the production and accumulation of extracellular fibrillary material in the anterior segment of the eye. PEX predisposes for several pathological conditions, such as glaucoma and complications during and after cataract surgery. The pathogenesis of PEX is not yet fully understood. It is multifactorial with genetics and ageing as contributing factors. We aimed to study the proteome in aqueous humor (AH) in PEX in order to increase the knowledge about its pathophysiology. Therefore, we developed sampling techniques and evaluated separation methods necessary for analyzing small sample volumes. Other objectives were to study the lens capsule in eyes with PEX regarding small molecules, and to investigate the association between PEX and cataract surgery in a population-based 30-year follow-up study.Samples of AH from eyes with PEX and control eyes were collected during cataract surgery. In pooled, and individual samples, various liquid based separation techniques and high resolution mass spectrometry were utilized. For quantitation, various methods for labeling, and label free techniques were applied. Lens capsules were collected from some of the patients, and analysed by imaging mass spectrometry. A cohort of 1,471 elderly individuals underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination at baseline. Medical information was obtained by questionnaires, and from medical records. Incident cases of cataract surgery were identified by review of medical records. In the initial study, several techniques were explored for protein detection, and a number of proteins were identified as differentially expressed. In the individually labelled samples, changes in the proteome were observed. Eyes with PEX contained higher levels of proteins involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and coagulation, suggesting that these mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis in PEX. The levels of β/γ-crystallins were significantly increased in PEX, which is a novel finding. In the lens capsules from individuals with PEX, changes in the lipid composition was observed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. These changes remain to be elucidated. By multivariate analysis, lens opacities were the first, and PEX the second most important predictor for cataract surgery, the later accounting for a 2.38-fold increased risk for cataract surgery.
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| 3. |
- Fyrestam, Jonas, 1981-
(författare)
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Porphyrins and heme in microorganisms : Porphyrin content and its relation to phototherapy and antimicrobial treatments in vivo and in vitro
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the greatest threats to human health is increasing antimicrobial resistance among pathogens, and finding alternatives for treatment of bacterial infections is of highest importance together with a more controlled use of antibiotics. Porphyrins and heme have both been shown to be a promising class of compounds for inactivation of bacteria; porphyrins by their excellent properties to act as a photosensitizer, and heme by its importance as an iron source during a bacterial infection in vertebrates.This thesis describes the development of analytical methods for the identification and determination of porphyrins and heme using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, these developed methods were applied to bacterial samples to investigate different culture conditions and additives effect to the intracellular porphyrin and heme composition. Singlet oxygen production of three naturally occurring porphyrins have been determined together with the photosensitivity for blue light and the porphyrin content in E. coli. Toothbrushes equipped with a LED, emitting light with a wavelength of 450 nm, were used in an eight week randomized clinical trial to investigate any positive periodontal effect of blue light.Porphyrin and heme content in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were highly affected by the different cultivation conditions. The culture age of A. actinomycetemcomitans affected the porphyrin profile, while only small changes were observed for P. gingivalis during growth. A large change of the porphyrin profile could be observed when the bacteria were passaged onto a new growth medium. Additional porphyrins were detected and the total porphyrin content increased up to 28 times. These findings highlight the need for more standardized cultivation procedures when performing in vitro experiments.Heme content in Escherichia coli was affected when different additives related to biosynthesis of heme were added to the growth medium. The uptake of heme could be reduced with 52% when a compound that chemically looks similar to heme was added to the growth medium. Since heme acquisition is important for many pathogens, this could be a promising target for antimicrobial drugs.E. coli showed no sensitivity for 405 nm light using light doses up to 172.8 J/cm2 and only low concentrations of porphyrins could be quantified. By adding a porphyrin precursor to E. coli the intracellular concentration of porphyrins increased remarkably and a light dose of 57.6 J/cm2 reduced the bacterial number with > 5 log10 steps. This shows that E. coli can be killed due to their endogenous porphyrins.In the clinical study we could see a weak trend that the 450 nm LED toothbrush possessed a phototherapeutic effect for three clinical indices. All indices were decreased in the intervention group, but there were no statistically significant difference compared to the control group. However, four inflammation markers were significantly decreased in the intervention group while only one decreased significantly in the control group.In conclusion, this thesis has shown that porphyrins and heme are produced endogenously in microorganisms and that the porphyrin profiles vary depending on culture conditions and different additives. Furthermore, porphyrins may be used as endogenous photosensitizers to inactivate bacteria, but more research is necessary to determine if there is a specific porphyrin that contributes more to the photosensitivity.
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| 4. |
- Morin Zetterberg, Malin
(författare)
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Development and Evaluation of Lipodisks Intended for Use as Biomimetic Membranes and Drug Carriers
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polyethylene glycol-stabilized lipodisks have emerged as a novel type of lipid-based nanoparticles with high potential as both drug carriers and biomimetic membranes. In this thesis we assess both of these applications, and show how the properties of the lipodisks can be further developed and optimized.Initially, we show that the antimicrobial peptides melittin, alamethicin and magainin 2, in spite of their very different physico-chemical properties and suggested modes of action on membranes, all have high affinity to lipodisks. Using melittin as a model peptide, we confirm a maintained antimicrobial effect of disk-formulated peptides. We also show that melittin dissociates slowly from the disks, resulting in extended drug release and prolonged antibacterial effect. Additionally, we present evidence that the peptide is protected against enzymatic degradation when formulated in the disks.Further, we develop a stable HPLC-MS system with immobilized lipodisks as model membranes. The stability of the system is confirmed by drug partitioning analysis using 15 different drug compounds. We also show how the lipodisk column can be supplemented with cyclooxygenase by in situ incorporation of the protein in the lipodisks. The specific binding of the protein to the disks is confirmed using QCM-D.Finally, by changing the polymer length and applying a new preparation protocol, we have optimized the lipodisks for use as drug carriers and biomimetic membranes. Previous lipodisk studies have been conducted on systems containing PEG-lipids with polymer molecular weights of 2000 or 5000 Da. Also, conventional protocols for the preparation of lipodisks typically require a PEG-lipid concentration of 15 mol% or more. Here we show that stable lipodisks can also be produced using PEG-lipids with a 1000 Da molecular weight polymer and that the use of shorter PEG-lipids dramatically improve the amount of lipodisks that can be immobilized on silica surfaces. Moreover, through the development of a method in which lipid mixtures are sonicated at low temperatures, we produce lipodisks containing as little as 2 mol% PEG-lipid. We present data verifying that these disks are superior to disks with higher PEG-lipid content in terms of their ability to incorporate externally added PEG-lipids functionalized with targeting agents.
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| 5. |
- de Kock, Neil
(författare)
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Mass spectrometry based analysis of endogenous sterols and hormones
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bioanalytical applications using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) as analytical technique are of increasing interest. In essence, bioanalysis involves measurement of bioactive or endogenous compounds in biological matrices. SFC has emerged as an excellent choice for bioanalytical analysis, attributable to its speed, selectivity and efficiency compared with high performance liquid chromatography. Moreover, coupling of SFC with mass spectrometry (MS) provides the additional benefits of specificity and sensitivity.The aim of this thesis was to exploit these features by developing methods for the analysis of endogenous steroids, cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and thyroid hormones (THs) by using ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPSFC–MS/MS) as analytical technique.Endogenous steroids control many physiological processes, including reproduction, maturation, gene expression and neurological functions in humans and animals. In the first study, three steroids were measured in domesticated White Leghorn (WL) chickens and ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) birds. Restraining stress caused a significantly larger increase in corticosterone levels in RJF than in WL, indicating a blunted hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in domesticated chickens. The second study was a continuation of the first study and corticosterone levels from the F12 generation of an intercross between WL and RJF birds were measured before and after physical restraint stress. The expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus and several genes in the adrenal glands were correlated with the post-stress levels of corticosterone in plasma. In the third study, the measurement of steroids was extended to assess more endogenous steroids from the four major classes, i.e. estrogens, androgens, progestogens and corticosterone.Endogenous COPs are of interest in pathophysiology. COPs are more readily disposed by cells than cholesterol. Therefore, cholesterol is oxidised to the more polar COPs and are generally more bioactive than cholesterol. Moreover, if their production in cells and tissues and/or their introduction with dietary animal fat are excessive, COPs could indeed contribute to the pathogenesis of various disease processes. Fourteen COPs were included in the fourth study and a novel method for their separation was developed.The last study in this thesis, involved the analysis of five THs. These hormones are vital for growth, developmental and metabolic processes of vertebrate life and play an important role in energy homeostasis. Measurements of circulating thyroid hormone levels are used in thyroid disorder diagnoses or treatment status monitoring. Two rapid methods for the separation of five THs were developed.In summary, the work in this thesis demonstrates the applicability of UPSFC–MS/MS as an analytical technique in bioanalysis of endogenous compounds.
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| 6. |
- de Kock, Neil, 1986-
(författare)
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Targeted analysis of bioactive steroids and oxycholesterols : Method development and application
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Peripheral steroids and oxycholesterols are important lipid compounds controlling various functions in the human body. Steroid analysis of biological samples is routinely employed in the clinical environment as an essential source of information on endocrine and metabolic disorders. It has been reported that stress related neurosteroids have been implicated in the development and prognoses of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These compounds have been identified as possible biomarkers in the diagnosis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, methods for the simultaneous analysis of steroids from the four major classes (estrogens, androgens, progestogens and corticosteroids) are vital in providing useful and more comprehensive data.Homeostasis of cholesterol in the brain is maintained primarily by metabolism to oxysterols, including oxycholesterols. These oxycholesterols act as a transport form of cholesterol as it readily navigates the blood-brain barrier. Oxycholesterols are generally more bioactive than cholesterol and is of interest in pathophysiology. Moreover, if their production in cells and tissues and/or their introduction with dietary animal fat are excessive, oxycholesterols could indeed contribute to the pathogenesis of various disease processes.The first study in this thesis focuses on a novel supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for targeted analysis of eighteen peripheral steroids. The method is simple and fast. It has sufficient sensitivity for quantification of 18 different steroids in small volume human plasma. Therefore, this novel method can be applied for screening many steroids within 5 minutes providing the possibility to use for routine healthcare practice. The second study involves the quantification of three adrenal steroids in plasma from domesticated White Leghorn (WL) chickens and Red Junglefowl (RJF) birds. The domestication effects on stress induced steroid secretion and adrenal gene expression in chickens are evaluated. The third study focuses on determination of more than ten oxycholesterols in biological samples with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method and a supercritical fluid–tandem mass spectrometry method.
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| 7. |
- Fridén, Mikael E, 1984-
(författare)
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Development of Methods for Analysis of Valuable Compounds in By-products from Agricultural and Forestry Industrial Sectors
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A growing interest in sustainable development has made efficient utilisation of starting materials and, if they occur, by-products become increasingly important. Vast amounts of by-products are generated by the forestry and food industry. Incineration for energy production is one way to make use of these by-products but some of them contain compounds that would have an increased value if they were extracted, so called “high value species”. The by-products are often very complex, so reliable methods for analysis of the high value species are required in the development of processes to utilise them. A wide range of compounds can be analysed using chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, making it a powerful tool in the evaluation of methods for extracting high value species from industry by-products.This thesis is based on four studies of potential high value species. In the first study, methods were developed to differentiate isobaric flavonoids and then use this knowledge to determine the identity of the flavonoids in three different plant extracts. In the second study, three different methods to extract betulin from birch bark were evaluated regarding extracted amount and purity of betulin. One of the methods was then investigated in industrial scale using a model approach. In the third study, the flavonoid contents of lovage were determined and other major extracted compounds were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography were used to obtain complementary information about major components. In the fourth study, high resolution mass spectrometry utilising two different types of fragmentation was used with the purpose of overcoming the shortcomings of the methods developed in the first study. The results indicated that it would be possible to develop methods compatible with chromatographic separation for differentiating different types of isobaric substituents. The ability of performing sequential fragmentation was used to investigate some isobaric aglycones by creating spectral trees, and unique pathways were found for each of them.
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| 8. |
- Jiang, Liying, 1977-
(författare)
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Mass Spectrometry of Non-protein Amino Acids : BMAA and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to correlate positively with an ageing population. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The cause of these diseases is believed to be the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, synergistically acting with ageing. BMAA (β-methylamino-L-alanine) is one kind of toxin present in our environment and might play an important role in the development of those diseases.BMAA was initially isolated from cycad seeds in Guam, where the incidence of ALS/Parkinsonism-dementia complex among the indigenous people was 50 – 100 times higher than the rest of the world in the 1950’s. BMAA can induce toxic effects on rodents and primates. Furthermore, it can potentiate neuronal injury on cell cultures at concentrations as low as 10 µM. BMAA was reported to be produced by cyanobacteria, and could bio-magnify through the food chain.In this thesis, work was initially focused on the improvement of an existing analytical method for BMAA identification and quantification using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the refined method was applied to environmental samples for probing alternative BMAA producer(s) in nature and to seafood samples for estimation of human exposure to this toxin.In Paper I, a systematic screening of the isomers of BMAA in a database was performed and seven potential isomers were suggested. Three of them were detected or suspected in natural samples. In Paper II, a deuterated internal standard was synthesized and used for quantifying BMAA in cyanobacteria. In Paper III, Diatoms were discovered to be a BMAA producer in nature. In Paper IV, ten popular species of seafood sold in Swedish markets were screened for BMAA. Half of them were found to contain BMAA at a level of 0.01 – 0.90 µg/g wet weight. In Future perspectives, the remaining questions important in this field are raised.
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| 9. |
- Musunuri, Sravani
(författare)
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Mass Spectrometry-based Neuroproteomics : Deciphering the Human Brain Proteome
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mammalian brain is challenging to study due to its heterogeneity and complexity. However, recent advances in molecular imaging, genomics and proteomics have contributed significantly to achieve insights into molecular basis of brain function and pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Efficient sample preparation is an integral part of a successful mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Apart from the identification, quantification of proteins is needed to investigate the alterations between proteome profiles from different sample sets. Therefore, this thesis investigates optimizing and application of the MS compatible sample preparation techniques for the identification and quantification of proteins from brain tissue.The central objective of this thesis was (i) to improve the extraction of proteins as well as membrane proteins (MPs) from the brain tissue and (ii) to apply the optimized method along with the stable isotope dimethyl labeling (DML) and label-free (LF) MS approaches for the relative quantification of the brain proteome profiles during neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). First study described in this thesis is focused on the qualitative aspects for the brain tissue sample preparation. The optimized extraction buffers from first study containing n-octyl-β-glucopyranside or triton X-114 were used in the further quantitative studies to extract the proteins from patient (AD or TBI) and control human brain samples. Triton X-114 has additional advantage of separating MPs into a micellar phase. Therefore we also investigated the possibility to apply this in combination with DML quantitation approach for enrichment of low abundant MPs from AD brains.AD and TBI causes severe socio-economic burden on the society and therefore there is a need to develop diagnostic markers to detect the early changes in the pathology of the disease. Analytical tools and techniques applied and discussed in this thesis for neuroproteomics applications proved to be powerful and reliable for analyzing complex biological samples to generate high-throughput screening and unbiased identification and quantitation of disease-specific proteins that are of great importance in understanding the disease pathology.
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| 10. |
- Zguna, Nadezda, 1989-
(författare)
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Mass-spectrometry based survey of BMAA sources, distribution and transfer
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- β-methylaminoalanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid first isolated from cycad seeds in 1967. It is believed to be connected to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and is a ubiquitous compound produced by cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates. Consequently, elucidating natural production, distribution and routes for human exposure of BMAA are of particular importance. However, the natural function of BMAA and its mechanisms of toxicity have not been fully established yet. The contradictory results about BMAA presence in cyanobacterial cultures and food webs have been reported by different scientific groups, which required the development of more sensitive and reliable analytical methods. This thesis is focused on the analytical chemistry dimension of BMAA research: covering both new method development and novel applications. New analytical methods for BMAA detection and quantification were developed, focusing on improving sensitivity, since BMAA is normally found in natural samples at low concentrations. In Paper I, a new derivatization technique was implemented, which increased sensitivity and selectivity in the analysis of BMAA and its isomers. Subsequently, this developed method was applied to determine the presence of BMAA in fat and oil matrices in Paper II, which is a step towards discovering BMAA forms other than the documented free and protein-bound BMAA species. In Paper III, a method for separation and quantification of L- and D-BMAA stereoisomers in complex biological matrix was developed and applied to determine the enantiomeric composition of BMAA in cycad seed. Studying environmental distribution of BMAA is important to evaluate potential exposure routes and health risks for humans. Part of the work was devoted to broaden assessment on environmental occurrence of BMAA by applying existing robust methodology to new samples, such as commercial seafood in Paper IV and Baltic Sea biota in Paper V. Some of the “overlooked” aspects in the existing BMAA literature (i.e., BMAA chiral analysis, possible BMAA presence in dietary oil supplements and defined food webs) were successfully addressed. Overall, the thesis presents important analytical developments, which can help to further elucidate sources, distribution and transfer of BMAA.
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