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| 2. |
- Amatayakul, Wathanyu, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel ethanol program in Thailand: energy, agricultural, and environmental trade-offs and prospects for CO2 abatement
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy for Sustainable Development. - 2352-4669 .- 0973-0826. ; 11:3, s. 51-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thailand has established an ethanol program with a target of replacing all conventional gasoline with E10 gasohol (gasoline containing 10% by volume of ethanol) by 2012. This paper assesses the impacts of achieving the target on (1) land-use change, (2) trade balance, (3) gasoline and associated food crop self-sufficiency, and (4) GHG emissions. In addition, the abatement cost of replacing gasoline with gasohol (additional cost of supplying gasohol) and the tax revenue forgone in implementing the program are estimated. Finally, in order to obtain insights in relation to the prospects of the national program vs. project-based Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for CO2 abatement, the ethanol program is compared with specific biofuel projects. We find that achieving the ethanol program target can lead to a significant improvement in the gasoline self-sufficiency rate (from 10 to 20%) and significantly reduce GHG emissions (corresponding to 2% of the total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2004) over the period of 2005-2012. The ethanol program can induce a significant (up to 200,000 ha in magnitude) transition from food crop production (mainly corn and rice) to cassava production for ethanol leading to a reduction in the self-sufficiency rates of associated food crops. But the crop self-sufficiency rates would still be above 100% and Thailand's agricultural sector should be able to accommodate the present program target. Whether and to what extent the program leads to an improvement in the trade balance depends substantially on fuel and agricultural prices, sources of cassava supply, and responses of refineries to decreased gasoline demand. The annual average gasoline substitution cost is estimated at 25-195 US$/tCO2e, which is high compared with the price of project-based certified emission reductions traded during 2006 but low compared with estimates of the cost of substituting biofuels for fossil fuels in Europe. The tax revenue forgone is estimated at 2-4 times the gasoline substitution cost. Thailand's ethanol program illustrates that under dynamic government support, it may not be possible to identify the additionality of CDM projects for biofuel production and blending with fossil fuels. Implementing national programs as the basis for carbon credits could avoid the issues of double-counting and also have other advantages. © 2007 International Energy Initiative, Inc.
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| 3. |
- Azar, Christian, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Brazilian Ethanol has the Edge.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Financial Times.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy expansion in the EU: Cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fuels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 35:12, s. 5965-5979
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Presently, the European Union (EU) is promoting bioenergy. The aim of this paper is to study the prospects for using domestic biomass resources in Europe and specifically to investigate whether different policy objectives underlying the promotion of bioenergy (cost-effective climate change mitigation, employment creation and reduced dependency on imported fuels) agree on which bioenergy options that should be used. We model bioenergy use from a cost-effectiveness perspective with a linear regionalized energy- andtransport-system model and perform supplementary analysis. It is found that the different policy objectives do not agree on the order of priority among bioenergy options. Maximizing climate benefits cost-effectively is in conflict with maximizing employment creation. The former perspective proposes the use of lignocellulosic biomass in the stationary sector, while the latter requires biofuels for transport based on traditional agricultural crops. Further, from a security-of-supply perspective, the appeal of a given bioenergy option depends on how oil and gas import dependencies are weighed relative to each other. Consequently, there are tradeoffs that need to be addressed by policymakers promoting the use of bioenergy. Also, the importance of bioenergy in relation to employment creation and fuel import dependency reduction needs to be further addressed.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Biomassa - en knapp resurs i globalt perspektiv
- 2007
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Ingår i: Bioenergi - till vad och hur mycket?. ; :Formas Fokuserar, s. 19-32
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idag använder vi ungefär tio gånger mer fossil energi än bioenergi i världen. Nu ökar användningen av bioenergi kraftigt. Men globalt sett finns det inte tillräckligt med bioenergi för att ersätta de fossila bränslena, skriver tre forskare på Chalmers. Hur ska vi använda de knappa resurserna på bästa sätt? Och hur ska vi kunna begränsa de negativa effekter som ökad efterfrågan på bioenergi kan få? Det handlar bland annat om exploatering av värdefulla ekosystem som regnskogar.
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| 9. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966
(författare)
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Driving positive development
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. - : Wiley. - 1932-1031 .- 1932-104X. ; 1:4, s. 235-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil - Socioeconomic and climate effects of expanding sugarcane ethanol production in the Pontal do Paranapanema region (State of São Paulo, Brazil)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 15th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition - From research to market Deployment, Berlin, Germany, 7-11 May 2007.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents results from a study of socioeconomic and climate effects connected to a sugarcane expansion scenario in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, São Paulo state, Brazil. Sugarcane production is expected to grow in the São Paulo state. Pontal do Paranapanema is the only region in the state where a large scale sugarcane expansion can take place and there is a concern that without guidelines the expansion might affect income growth in a negative way. A scenario where the settlers in the region gain from the sugarcane expansion was modelled. The models showed that it is possible to introduce sugarcane in the region with positive effects both on income growth and greenhouse gas emissions.
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