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- Bertilsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Bedömning av smärta hos barn : En review
- 2005
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Ingår i: Vård i Norden. - Stavanger : Allservice AS. - 0107-4083 .- 1890-4238. ; 25:3, s. 13-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assessing pain in children is one of nurses’ most difficult tasks and provides the foundation for efficient pain management. Young children lack the verbal skills to describe their experience of pain and they also have problems in differentiating pain from other unpleasant experiences. The aim of this study was to review current research regarding pain assessment in children. A literature search was carried out in the CINAHL and Medline databases, using the search words «pain assessment», «pain measurement», «pain rating scales», «children» and «nursing» and was limited to the years 1997–2002. Twelve articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were analysed. The results are highlighted in five areas: Assessment of pain in children; Assessment of pain in infants; Tools and scales for assessing pain; Factors influencing the nurse’s assessment of pain; pain assessment as a basis of efficient pain therapy. The results of the study point to problems in pain assessment and the importance of children’s pain being adequately assessed. Accordingly, it is of utmost importance when possible to be able to take into account the individual child’s experience of pain.
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| 2. |
- Eiler, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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High Ratio of Bacteriochlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes to Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Genes in Bacteria of Humic Lakes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 75:22, s. 7221-7228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies highlight the diversity and significance of marinephototrophic microorganisms such as picocyanobacteria, phototrophicpicoeukaryotes, and bacteriochlorophyll- and rhodopsin-holdingphototrophic bacteria. To assess if freshwater ecosystems alsoharbor similar phototroph diversity, genes involved in the biosynthesisof bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll were targeted to exploreoxygenic and aerobic anoxygenic phototroph composition in awide range of lakes. Partial dark-operative protochlorophyllideoxidoreductase (DPOR) and chlorophyllide oxidoreductase (COR)genes in bacteria of seven lakes with contrasting trophic statuseswere PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Out of 61 sequencesencoding the L subunit of DPOR (L-DPOR), 22 clustered with aerobicanoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, whereas 39 L-DPOR sequencesrelated to oxygenic phototrophs, like cyanobacteria, were observed.Phylogenetic analysis revealed clear separation of these freshwaterL-DPOR genes as well as 11 COR gene sequences from their marinecounterparts. Terminal restriction fragment length analysisof L-DPOR genes was used to characterize oxygenic aerobic andanoxygenic photosynthesizing populations in 20 lakes differingin physical and chemical characteristics. Significant differencesin L-DPOR community composition were observed between dystrophiclakes and all other systems, where a higher proportion of genesaffiliated with aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria wasobserved than in other systems. Our results reveal a significantdiversity of phototrophic microorganisms in lakes and suggestniche partitioning of oxygenic and aerobic anoxygenic phototrophsin these systems in response to trophic status and coupled differencesin light regime.
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| 3. |
- Enwall, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term impact of fertilization on activity and composition of bacterial communities and metabolic guilds in agricultural soil
- 2007
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 39:1, s. 106-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To explore long-term impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on microbial communities, we targeted both the total bacterial community and the autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in soil from six treatments at an experimental field site established in 1956: cattle manure, sewage sludge, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, unfertilized and unfertilized without crops. All plots, except the bare fallows, were cropped with maize. Effects on activity were assessed by measuring the basal respiration and substrate induced respiration (SIR) rates, and the potential activity of the AOB. To determine the bacterial community composition, 16S rRNA genes were used to fingerprint total soil communities by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and AOB communities by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The fertilization regimes had clear effects on both activity and composition of the soil communities. Basal respiration and r, which was kinetically derived as the exponentially growing fraction of the SIR-response, correlated well with the soil organic C content (r=0.93 and 0.66, respectively). Soil pH ranged from 3.97 to 6.26 in the treatments and was found to be an important factor influencing all microbial activities. pH correlated negatively with the ratio between basal respiration and SIR (r=0.90), indicating a decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass in the most acid soils with pH 3.97 and 4.68 ((NH4)2SO4 and sewage sludge fertilized plots, respectively). The lowest SIR and ammonia oxidation rates were also found in these treatments. In addition, these treatments exhibited individually different community fingerprints, showing that pH affected the composition of AOB and total bacterial communities. The manure fertilized plots harbored the most diverse AOB community and the pattern was linked to a high potential ammonia oxidation activity. Thus, the AOB community composition appeared to be more strongly linked to the activity than the total bacterial communities were, likely explained by physiological differences in the populations present.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Muhonen, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on the equine colon ecosystem of grass silage and haylage diets after an abrupt change from hay
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 87, s. 2291-2298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an abrupt change from grass hay (81% DM) to grass silage (36% DM) or grass haylage (55% DM), fed at similar DM intakes, and to compare the effects of silage and haylage on the composition and activities of the colon microflora. The forages were from the same swath harvested on the same day. Four adult colon-fistulated geldings were randomly assigned to diets in a crossover design. The study started with a preperiod when all 4 horses received the hay diet, followed by an abrupt feed change to the haylage diet for 2 horses and the silage diet for 2 horses. All 4 horses then had a new second preperiod of hay, followed by an abrupt feed change to the opposite haylage and silage diet. The periods were 21 d long, and the forage-only diets were supplemented with minerals and salt. The abrupt feed changes were made at 0800 h. Colon samples were taken before the abrupt feed change, 4 and 28 h after the feed change, and 8, 15, and 21 d after the feed change, all at 1200 h. Colon bacterial counts, VFA, pH, and DM concentrations were unchanged throughout the first 28 h after the abrupt feed change from hay to haylage and silage. Also, fecal pH and DM concentrations were unchanged during the first 28 h. During the weekly observations, colon lactobacilli counts increased (P = 0.023) in horses receiving the silage diet and were greater than on the haylage diet at 21 d. Streptococci counts decreased (P = 0.046) in horses receiving the haylage diet and were less than on the silage diet at 15 and 21 d. Total VFA concentrations and colon and fecal pH did not differ between diets and were unchanged throughout the weekly observations. The DM concentration of colon digesta and feces decreased (P = 0.030 and 0.049, respectively) on both diets during the weekly observations. The results suggest that in horses fed at the maintenance level of energy intake, an abrupt feed change from grass hay to grass silage or grass haylage from the same crop does not induce any major alterations in the colon ecosystem during the first 28 h. During the subsequent 3-wk period, colon and fecal DM decreased and there were alterations in the lactobacilli and streptococci bacterial counts. The changes in lactobacilli and streptococci counts need further investigation.
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