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| 2. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Activation of social norms in social dilemmas: A review.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 7th Nordic Environmental Social Science Research Conference, Göteborg, Sweden, 15-17 June 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taken rational choice theory for granted, cooperation in social dilemmas may be seen as mysterious. In one-shot dilemmas where subjects unknown to one another interact and make their decisions anonymously, cooperation could even been regarded as lunacy. Several authors have challenged this view. Research has also identified various factors that imply why people cooperate or defect in social dilemmas and what motivations that might guide the decision in one way or the other. Here, a closer look will be taken at social norms as a reason for departure from rational choice, a factor that rarely has been recognized in the social dilemma literature. Social norms imply that people should manifest a prescribed behaviour or not manifest a proscribed behaviour. Furthermore, social norms are often guiding behaviour in specific contexts, and many times they need to be activated. Such an activation process is often unconscious and once a norm has been activated, people tend to keep following the norm that has been primed. We wish to add to the social dilemma literature by suggesting what kinds of norms that are likely to be activated under different conditions such as one-shot vs. repeated dilemmas, but also separate domains of social life.
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| 3. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Activation of social norms in social dilemmas: A review of the evidence and reflections on the implications for environmental behaviour
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. ; 28, s. 93-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking rational choice theory for granted, cooperation in social dilemmas may be seen as mysterious. In one-shot dilemmas where subjects unknown to one another interact and make their decisions anonymously, cooperation could even be regarded as lunacy. Several authors have challenged this view, though. Research has also identified various factors that imply why people cooperate or defect in social dilemmas and what motivations that might guide the decision in one way or the other. Here, a closer look will be taken at social norms as a reason for departure from rational choice, a factor that rarely has been recognised in the social dilemma literature. Social norms imply that people should manifest a prescribed behaviour or not manifest a proscribed behaviour. Furthermore, social norms are often guiding behaviour in specific contexts, and many times they need to be activated. Such an activation process is often unconscious and once a norm has been activated, people tend to keep following the norm that has been primed. We wish to add to the social dilemma literature by suggesting what kinds of norms that are likely to be activated under different conditions such as one-shot vs. iterated dilemmas, but also separate domains of social life.
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| 4. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioural Impediments to Sustainable Investment.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 32nd IAREP Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates impediments to sustainable investment (SI) that reside within the organizations of institutional investors. A questionnaire was addressed to 35 institutional investors with board directors, senior investment managers or portfolio managers acting as respondents. The respondents represented SI as well as non-SI funds. Presently, little is known about how variations in the endorsement of values and norms among members in an organisation affect decision making. We tested the hypothesis that to the extent that a SI policy has been adopted, members of the organisation share a norm to advance SI, driven by an adherence to social and environmental values, together with beliefs about potential benefits of SI. We also examined an alternative model assuming a direct link between beliefs about financial outcomes of SI and SI practices in the organisation.
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| 5. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Emotions, Morality and Public Goods: The WTA-WTP Disparity Revisited
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Empirical evidence suggests that people´s maximum willingness to pay for having a good is often substantially lower than their minimum willingness to accept not having it, and that this discrepancy tends to be especially large when valuing public goods. This paper hypothesizes that differences in emotions (e.g. regret) and moral perceptions can account for much of this discrepancy for public goods. A simple, real-money dichotomous-choice experiment is set up to test these hypotheses, which are largely supported.
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| 6. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Fair and actual degrees of cooperation: Effects of others behavior and temporal separation of responses
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at The 11th international conference on social dilemmas, Krakow, Poland..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the present experiment were to investigate what information people in a public good dilemma base their ratings of fair cooperation rates on, and whether they tailor their ratings of fairness and their behavior to fit each other. Results indicate that the high correlations between fair and actual cooperation rates observed in previous research are misleading. When asked about fair de-grees of cooperation prior to making the own decision, people tailor their re-sponses. When the measures are separated in time, the correlations become more modest. Results also demonstrate that people use others behavior to determine what a fair degree of cooperation is
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| 7. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Habitual and value-guided consumer behaviour.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 14th General Meeting of EAESP, Würtzburg, Germany, 19-23 July 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer behaviour may be more or less guided by deliberate processes. In a deliberate phase, people are more attentive to, and, given the right circumstances, more influenced by values in their choice of products. When in a less deliberate phase consumers may fall back on habits and choose in a routine manner. This prediction was tested in a computer-based experiment, where participants purchased products in a simulated shop. They were randomly assigned to one of eight groups defined by whether they purchased under time pressure or not, whether an environmental value was primed or not, and whether ”organic food”-labels were salient or not. A discreetly placed “organic food”-poster at the entrance of the store was used to prime, or unobtrusively remind the consumer of an environmental value. Participants were unaware of this manipulation. As predicted, time pressure increased the likelihood of a habitual choice (as measured in a questionnaire) and inhibited directly value-guided choices. In addition, the poster, in combination with salient “organic food”-labels on the products, increased the likelihood of a choice directly guided by environmental values, but only under no time pressure.
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| 8. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Habitual and value-guided purchase behaviour
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio: a journal of the human environment. ; 34:4/5, s. 360-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Society increasingly requests that individuals adopt environmentally benign be-haviour. Information campaigns purported to change peoples attitudes are often regarded as a pre-requisite to install such changes. While such information may be a necessary step, it is not a sufficient condition. We argue that much everyday behaviour with environmental consequences is habitual in kind, and that little attention is given to information directed toward changing these habitual behav-iours. In other instances, behaviour is guided by values in a more reflective proc-ess. However, other information besides environmental consequences may draw a persons attention and affect behavioural choice. Using surveys and experimental studies targeting consumer behaviour, we have studied under what conditions different kinds of information is likely to influence people with varying levels of environmental concern. Based on results from these studies, implications for be-havioural change are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Religious values and environmental concern: Harmony and detachment
- 2005
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Ingår i: Social Science Quarterly. ; 86:1, s. 178-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thought that environmental concern is rooted in religious beliefs and values has been raised by many writers. Different claims have been made about whether the nature of this relationship is positive or negative, and empirical evidence is mixed. In line with research on attitudes and values, the objective of this study is to examine the hypothesis that unless religious values are mentally accessible, they will not affect judgments of environmental issues. Two environmental is-sues, genetically modified crops and more traditional environmental issues, for example, air pollution from traffic, are chosen to represent accessibility and non-accessibility, respectively. A two-wave data set from a national survey is ana-lyzed. Results support the suggestion that religious values will affect the judg-ment of environmental threats of the first, but not the second issue. In conclu-sion, these findings suggest that situational cues partly determine which values embodied in religion that will influence environmental attitudes.
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| 10. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948
(författare)
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The conceptual framework of social dilemmas
- 2008
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Ingår i: New Issues and Paradigms in Research on Social Dilemmas. - New York : Springer. - 9780387725956 ; , s. 1-9
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social dilemmas capture significant problems in society such as tax evasion, scarcity of natural resources and human contributions to climate change. These problems are often adhered to in the research community, motivating the studies that are presented. As a consequence, those concerned with the problems, either as policy makers or as victims, may request that scientists have something to say about potential solutions to social dilemmas. To live up to expectations, properties of relevance for behavioural decisions in social dilemmas should be incorporated in the research design in that findings can be generalized to situations where the phenomenon under investigation naturally occurs.
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