| 1. |
- Biermann, Maximilian, et al.
(author)
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Excess heat-driven carbon capture at an integrated steel mill : Considerations for capture cost optimization
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Primary steelmaking in blast and basic oxygen furnaces is inherently carbon-intensive. Partial capture, i.e., capturing only a share of the CO2, is discussed as an option to reduce the cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and to realize a near-term reduction in emissions from the steel industry. This work presents a techno-economic assessment of partial capture based on amine absorption of CO2. The cost of steam from excess heat is assessed in detail. Using this steam to drive the capture process yields costs of 28–50 €/t CO2-captured. Capture of CO2 from the blast furnace gas outperforms end-of-pipe capture from the combined-heat-and-power plant or hot stove flue gases onsite by 3–5 €/t CO2-captured. The study shows that partial capture driven exclusively by excess heat represents a lower cost for a steel mill owner, estimated in the range of 15–30 €/t CO2-captured, as compared to full capture driven by the combustion of extra fuel. In addition, the full-chain CCS cost (capture, transport and storage) for partial capture is discussed in light of future carbon prices. We conclude that implementation of partial capture in the steel industry in the 2020s is possible and economically viable if policymakers ensure long-term regulation of carbon prices in line with agreed emission reduction targets beyond Year 2030.
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| 2. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989
(author)
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Partial carbon capture – an opportunity to decarbonize primary steelmaking
- 2019
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Climate change requires that all energy-related sectors drastically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). To have a high likelihood of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, large-scale mitigation of GHG has to start being implemented and cause emissions to fall well before Year 2030. The process industry, including the iron and steel industry, is inherently carbon-intensive and carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the few options available to achieve the required reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite its high technological maturity, CCS is not being implemented at the expected rates due inter alia to the low value creation of CCS for process industries, which is often attributed to uncertainties related to carbon pricing and the considerable investments required in CO2 capture. This thesis deals with the concept of partial carbon capture, which is governed by market or site conditions and aims to capture a smaller fraction of the CO2 emissions from an industrial site, thereby lowering the absolute and specific costs (€ per tonne CO2) for CO2 capture, as compared to a conventional full-capture process. Depending on the scale and market conditions these savings hold true especially for a process industry that has large gas flows with concentrations of CO2 ≥20 vol.% and access to low-value heat. Integrated steel mills typically fulfill these conditions. The value of partial capture for the steel industry is assessed in a techno-economic study on the separation of CO2 from the most carbon-intensive steel mill off-gases. The design for partial carbon capture using a 30 wt.% aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent is optimized for lower cost. Powering the capture process exclusively with excess heat entails a cost of 28–35 (±4) €/tonne CO2-captured and a reduction in CO2 emissions of 19%– 43% onsite, depending on design and CO2 source. In contrast, full capture requires external energy to reduce the CO2 site emissions by 76%, entailing costs in the range of 39–54 (±5) €/tonne CO2-captured. Furthermore, the use of excess heat has impacts on the cost structure of partial carbon capture, i.e., increasing the ratio of capital expenditures to operational expenditures, as well as on the relationship between carbon and energy intensity for primary steel as an industrial product. The present work concludes that near-term implementation of partial carbon capture in the 2020s will be economically sustainable if average carbon prices are in the range of 40–60 €/tonne CO2 over the entire economic life-time of the partial capture unit (ca. 25 years). Once implemented, partial capture could evolve to full capture over time through either co-mitigation (e.g., with biomass utilization or electrification) or efficiency improvements. Alternatively, partial capture could act as a bridging-technology for new, carbon-free production. In summary, partial carbon capture is found to be readily available and potentially economically viable to initiate large-scale mitigation before Year 2030. Partial capture may represent a starting point for the transition to the carbon-constrained economies of the future in line with the 1.5°C target.
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| 3. |
- Biermann, Max, 1989, et al.
(author)
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Scenario for near-term implementation of partial capture from blast furnace gases in Swedish steel industry
- 2019
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Iron-and-steel making is a carbon-intensive industry and responsible for about 8% of global CO2 emissions. Meeting CO2 reduction targets is challenging, since carbon is inherent in the dominating production route in blast furnaces. Long-term plans to phase out carbon and change production technique are under way, such as iron ore reduction with hydrogen[1][2] won from renewable energies or electro winning[3], however unlikely to be implemented at scale before 2040 [4]. Until a transition to such technologies is completed, carbon leakage will remain to be a threat to steel industry inside EU ETS system. CCS remains an option for steel industry to comply with reduction targets and meet rising allowance (EUA) prices, currently above 20 €/t. Most studies on CCS propose a capture rate of ≥ 90 %[5–7], however, CCS could be considered as a part of a series of measures (e.g. fuel change, energy efficiency measures) that together achieve a significant reduction in CO2 emissions until a carbon-neutral production is in place. This line of thought motivates the concept of partial capture, where only the most cost effective part of the CO2 emissions are separated for storage [8]. In steel industry, high CO2 concentrations at large flows and the availability of excess heat make partial capture attractive. Previous work on the steel mill in Luleå, Sweden, emits around 3.1 Mt CO2 per year, has found that 40-45 % of site emissions can be captured fueled by excess heat alone[9]. Therein, five heat recovery technologies were assessed, ranging from back pressure operation of CHP turbine to dry slag granulation. Promising CO2 sources on site include flue gases from hot stoves and the combined-heat and power plant, and the process gas originating from the blast furnace – blast furnace gas (BFG). BFG is a pressurized, low value fuel used for heating on site. CO2 separation from BFG requires less reboiler heat for MEA regeneration, and the enhanced heating value of the CO2 lean BFG increases energy efficiency of the steel mill [9]. This work discusses the near-term (the 2020s) implementation of partial capture at a Swedish steel mill and the economic viability of such implementation dependent on the energy price, carbon price, and required reductions in CO2 emissions. Based on previous work [9][10,11] on partial capture in steel industry a cost estimation of a capture system for the BFG is conducted including CAPEX and OPEX of the MEA capture unit, gas piping, and recovering heat from the steel mill. The costs are summarized as equivalent annualized capture cost (EAC) and set into relation to transport and storage costs as well as carbon emission costs to form the net abatement cost (NAC) according to Eq. (1) ???=???+ ?????????&??????? ???? −?????? ????? [€/???2] (1) Figure 1 shows how EAC for BFG varies with the capture rate and the cost of steam for different heat recovery technologies represented by the steps in the curve ( see explanation in [9]). Note that partial capture from BFG is more economical than the full capture benchmark. The most cost-efficient case of 28 €/t CO2 captured is achieved for BFG capture fueled by steam from back-pressure operation (at the expense of electricity production), flue gas heat recovery and flare gas combustion. The transport and storage cost applied in Eq (1) represent ship transport from the Bothnian Bay to a storage site in the Baltic Sea , according to Kjärstad et el.[12]. Transport and storage cost range within 17 – 27 €/t CO2 depending on scale. These installation and operation cost for capture, transport and storage are set into relation with various scenarios on future carbon and energy (electricity) prices in Europe and Sweden. For example, Figure 2 illustrates a scenario in line with IEA’s sustainable development scenario to restrict global warming to 2°C. The carbon prices are adapted from WEO 2018 [13] and increase from 20 € to 120 € per tonne CO2 by 2040 and the electricity prices of 42-52 €/MWh (increasing with time) are based on latest results from the NEPP project [14]. In this scenario, partial capture from BFG could become economic viable in 2029, construction in 2020 with operation from 2022/23 onwards is likely to pay off within a lifetime of 20 years only. This work demonstrates the viability of partial capture as cost-efficient mitigation measure for the steel industry and illustrates conditions for an early implementation in the 2020s. This work is part of the CO2stCap project (Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry) and funded by Gassnova (CLIMIT programme), the Swedish Energy Agency, and industry partners.
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| 4. |
- Martinez Castilla, Guillermo, 1993, et al.
(author)
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Integrating carbon capture into an industrial combined-heat-and-power plant: performance with hourly and seasonal load changes.
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 82, s. 192-203
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present work aims to map the variations in process gas and available excess heat of an integrated steel mill and to investigate the effects of these variations on the performance of a chemical absorption CO2 plant. Two time-scales are considered for the variations: seasonal and hourly changes. Dynamic process simulations are used to investigate the dynamic interactions between the steel mill and the capture unit. This includes the effect that periodic variations in the reboiler heat duty have on the performance of the capture plant and the effect of implementing a control strategy. The mapping of the operation of the steel mill reveals numerous variations on an hourly basis that are important for the design and operation of the capture plant, including decreases in the blast furnace gas (BFG) flow to 0% on approximately 10 occasions per year and variations of ±30 MW in the available heat more than 40 times per year. The simulations show that the capture unit responds very differently depending on the season, with a generally slower response during winter operation due to a lower level of circulation of the solvent. The capture unit shows also non-linearity in its response to changes in heat load - the deviation from the steady-state value is more pronounced when the heat is increased than when it is decreased. Thus, the simulation results indicate that implementing CO2 capture with chemical absorption in an integrated steel mill requires flexible operation of the capture plant. Dynamic simulations over a two-week period with historical (hourly) boundaries demonstrate that the capture process can operate in the presence of the steel mill variations. Implementation of a decentralized control strategy increases the amount of captured CO2 by 1.2%.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Normann, Fredrik, 1982, et al.
(author)
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CO2stCap - Reducing the Cost of Carbon Capture in Process Industry
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The CO2stCap-Project is a Norwegian-Swedish research initiative that was initiated in Year 2015 to reduce the cost of carbon capture in the process industry by developing concepts for the partial capture of emissions. The project is based on the premises that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is commercially available and can be implemented on a large scale, and that CCS is a required part of the solution to reduce global emissions of CO2 in line with the 1.5°C target. However, the substantial efforts made to develop low-carbon technologies have resulted in little implementation, as the value assigned to mitigating CO2 emissions is still too low relative to the risk associated with the considerable investment required, both from the industry and societal perspectives. The CO2stCap-Project is designed to enable the goals related to the reduction of CO2 emissions that have been established at the national, regional and global levels.
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| 7. |
- Skagestad, Ragnhild, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Webinar: The CO2stCap project and overall results
- 2019
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- [recording at IEAGHG available on youtube - see link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tLLGKmMT9Y] The webinar will give an overview of the final results of the CO2stCap project. The CO2stCap-Project is a Norwegian-Swedish research initiative initiated in the Year 2015 to reduce the cost of carbon capture in the process industry by developing concepts for partial capture. The project focuses on four industrial processes that have process-related emissions of CO2 - that is, emissions are not only from heat supply but also part of the manufacturing process. Such emissions are likely to require CCS as they are difficult to reduce by measures like fuel-shift, electrification, or energy efficiency improvements. The project has showed that partial capture may reduce the cost for CO2 capture, and can be a first step for moving CCS forwards. Both technical and economical results will be presented at the webinar. Ragnhild Skagestad, SINTEF Industry will present " The CO2stCap project and overall results Max Bierman, Chalmers University will present " Scenario for near-term implementation of partial capture from blast furnace gases in Swedish steel industry" Anette Mathisen, SINTEF Industry will present " CO2 capture opportunities in the Norwegian silicon industry" Jens Wolf at RISE Bioeconomy will present " Partial Capture of CO2 From a Pulp Mill with Focus on Cost Reduction"
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