| 1. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2004
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report gives a summary of the monitoring activities within the national Swedishcontaminant programme in marine biota. It is the result from the joint efforts of: theInstitute of Applied Environmental Research at Stockholm University (analyses oforganochlorines), the Centre for Environmental Monitoring at the University of Agriculture(analyses of heavy metals) and the Contaminant Research Group at the Swedish Museumof Natural History (co-ordination, sample collection administration, sample preparation,recording of biological variables, minor additional analyses of organochlorines, storage offrozen biological tissues in the Environmental Specimen Bank for retrospective studies,data preparation and statistical evaluation). The monitoring programme is financiated bythe Environmental Protection Agency in Sweden.The data of concern in this report represent the bioavailable part of the investigatedcontaminants i.e. the part that has virtually passed through the biological membranes andmay cause biological effects. The objectives of the monitoring program in marine biotacould be summarised as follows:• to estimate the levels and the normal variation of various contaminants in marine biotafrom several representative sites, uninfluenced by local sources, along the Swedish coasts.The goal is to describe the general contaminant status and to serve as reference values forregional and local monitoring programmes• to monitor long term time trends and to estimate the rate of found changes.quantified objective: to detect an annual change of 10% within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80%at a significance level of 5%.• to estimate the response in marine biota of measures taken to reduce the discharges ofvarious contaminantsquantified objective: to detect a 50% decrease within a time period of 10 years with a power of 80% at asignificance level of 5%.• to detect incidents of regional influence or widespread incidents of ‘Chernobyl’-character and to act as watchdog monitoring to detect renewed usage of bannedcontaminants.quantified objective: to detect an increase of 200% a single year with a power of 80% at a significance levelof 5%.• to indicate large scale spatial differencesquantified objective: to detect differences of a factor 2 between sites with a power of 80% at a significancelevel of 5%.• to explore the development and regional differences of the composition and pattern ofe.g. PCB’s, HCH’s and DDT’s as well as the ratios between various contaminants.• the time series are also relevant for human consumption since important commercial fishspecies like herring and cod are sampled. A co-operation with the Swedish FoodAdministration is established. Sampling is also co-ordinated with SSI (Swedish RadiationProtection Authority) for analysing radionuclides in fish and blue mussels (HELCOM,1992).• all analysed, and a large number of additional specimens, of the annually systematicallycollected material are stored frozen in the Environmental Specimen Bank.. This invaluable4material enables future retrospective studies of contaminants impossible to analyse today aswell as control analyses of suspected analytical errors.• although the programme is focused on contaminant concentration in biota, also thedevelopment of biological variables like e.g. condition factor, liver somatic index (LSI) andfat content are monitored at all sites. At some few sites, integrated monitoring with fishphysiology and population are running in co-operation with the Swedish Fishery Board.• experiences from the national program with several time series of over 20 years can beused in the design of regional and local monitoring programmes.• the perfectly unique material of high quality, long time series is further used to explorerelationships among biological variables and contaminants concentrations in varioustissues; the effects of changes in sampling strategy, the estimates of variance componentsand the influence on the concept of power etc.• the accessibility of high quality data collected and analysed in a consistent manner is anindispensable prerequisite to evaluate the validity of hypothesis and models concerning thefate and distribution of various contaminants. It could furthermore be used as input of ‘real’data in the ongoing model building activities concerning marine ecosystems in general andin the Baltic and North Sea environment in particular.• the contaminant programme in marine biota constitute an integrated part of the nationalmonitoring activities in the marine environment as well as of the international programmeswithin ICES, OSPARCOM and HELCOM.The present report displays the timeseries of analysed contaminants in biota andsummarises the results from the statistical treatment. It does not in general give thebackground or explanations to significant changes found in the timeseries. Increasingconcentrations thus, urge for intensified studies.Short comments are given for temporal trends as well as for spatial variation and, for somecontaminants, differences in geometric mean concentration between various species caughtat the same site. Sometimes notes of seasonal variation and differences in concentrationbetween tissues in the same species are given. This information could say something aboutthe relative appropriateness of the sampled matrix and be of help in designing monitoringprogrammes. In the temporal trend part, an extract of the relevant findings is summarised inthe 'conclusion'-paragraph. It should be stressed though, that geographical differences maynot reflect antropogenic influence but may be due to factors like productivity, temperature,salinity etc.The report is continuously updated. The date of the latest update is reported at thebeginning of each chapter. The creation date of each figure is written in the lower leftcorner.
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| 2. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Miljögifter och metaller i biologiskt material från marin miljö
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A short summary of the results up to year 2002/03 is given below. Graphical presentations,tables and details are given in the following chapters. A summary of the estimatedconcentrations up to 2002/03 is given in table 23.3.•The condition of herring in the Baltic is decreasing in almost all autumn time series. Atthe same time fat content is decreasing in herring from Harufjärden, Landsort andUtlängan (autumn and spring).•Lead concentrations in herring, cod and perch livers are decreasing in almost all timeseries from both the Swedish west coast and the Baltic.•The increasing trends of cadmium concentrations in herring liver from the Baltic Properand from the Bothnian Sea reported for the period 1980 to 1997 seems to havestopped.In herring from Ängskärsklubb a significant decrease can be seen for the last ten years,and in the time series from Landsort there is also indications of this decrease.•Cadmium concentrations in blue mussels from the Baltic Proper are about 5 timeshigherthan the suggested background levels for the North Sea and 3 times higher thanthe mussel samples from Fladen and Väderöarna.•HCH’s are decreasing at almost all sites with a time serie long enough to permit astatistical trend analysis.•HCB is decreasing in herring, cod and guillemot from the Baltic Proper and also inherring and cod at the Swedish westcoast. However, some relativelyhighconcentrationshave been detected in the last years, and it looks like the decrease islevelling out.•TCDD-equivalents have not decreased in herring at Harufjärden, Karlskrona andFladen during the investigated timeperiod 1990-1999. There is a significant decrease ofthese substances in guillemot eggs from St Karlsö between 1970 and the middle of the80-ies after that, the decrease has levelled out.
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| 3. |
- Helander, Björn, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of DDE, PCB, Coplanar PCB and Eggshell Parameters for Reproduction in the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Sweden.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 31:5, s. 386-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reproduction of white-tailed sea eagles was monitoredin1964–1999 in 3 differently contaminated sub-populations: BalticSea coast (Bp), inland central Sweden (Ip) and Lapland (Lp). 249dead eggs from 205 clutches were obtained for analyses of DDEand PCBs and for eggshell measurements. A desiccation index(Di) value was calculated for each egg as a measure of waterloss through the shell. In the highly contaminated Bp, p,p´-DDEconcentrations in the eggs decreased continuously and 5-foldduring the study period and PCB concentrations decreased 3-fold from the mid 1980s. The PCB pattern changed slightly overtime towards more high-chlorinated congeners but the relativetoxicity of the PCB mixture, expressed as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQ), remained constant and TEQcan be assumed to have decreased in a similar way as PCB overtime. Productivity (P), shell thickness (St), shell index (Si) and Diincreased over time in the Bp but no change in Di or productivityoccurred in the Lp, where residue concentrations were 5–8 timeslower. P of the Bp was not correlated to St or Si but was negatively correlated to Di, DDE and PCB. An S-shaped doseresponse relationship was indicated between P and DDE. After1988, when the PCB/DDE ratio was considerably higher thanpreviously, PCB but not DDE concentrations were significantlyhigher in eggs with dead embryos as compared to undevelopedeggs, implying lethal concentrations of PCB, and a LOEL of 320pg g–1 TEQ is suggested for embryo mortality. In a subset of 21eggs, representing productive and unproductive females, analyzed for a selection of coplanar PCB congeners, tris(4-chlorophenyl) methanol and bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulphone, there wasno evidence for a correlation between P and any of these compounds. A reduction in residue concentrations in old females didnot lead to increased P or improved Di-values, indicating aremaining effect from a previous, higher exposure to contaminants. The inability to reproduce included a high rate ofundeveloped eggs, indicating effects at a prezygotic stage. Pshowed the strongest correlation with Di, and Di was moststrongly correlated to DDE. Thus, the remaining effect of previousexposure resulted in a stronger correlation to the symptom (Di)rather than to the suggested causative agent (DDE). LOEL valuesfor depressed P were estimated at 120 µg g–1 DDE and 500 µgg–1 PCB (lipid basis). It is concluded that the major reason fordepressed P during the study period was DDE, but that effectsalso from PCB were largely concealed by the effects from DDE.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bignert, Anders
(författare)
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Miljögifter i blåmussla längs svenska Östersjökusten 1999
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Undersökningen är utförd på uppdrag från kustlänen inom Åtgärdsgrupp Syd, som är ett samverkansprogramför länsstyrelserna i södra Sverige. De aktuella länsstyrelserna är de i Stockholms, Södermanlands,Östergötlands, Kalmar, Blekinge, Skåne samt Gotlands län. Syftet med projektet är att ta framlämpliga referensområden längs den svenska östersjökusten. Dessa områden ska fungera som referenstill regionala miljöövervakningsprogram samt göra det möjligt att genomföra gemensamma utvärderingarlängsmed hela kusten.
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| 7. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Time trends of metals in organs of moose (Alces alces) from Sweden, 1980-2000
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The long-term monitoring of persistent and bio-accumulating chemicals in the Swedishenvironment is part of the Swedish National Environmental Monitoring Programme. It is based on chemical analyses of tissues and organs from species collected in selected referenceareas of the Swedish mainland, lakes and coastal areas (Odsjö & Olsson 1979a,b, Bernes1985). As part of the terrestrial contaminant monitoring programme, specimens of muscle,liver and kidney of moose (Alces alces) have been collected since 1980 from Grimsö, areference area in the monitoring programme and a coherent hunting district in the Örebrocounty (T) in south-central Sweden. In 1996, the monitoring was extended by collection andchemical analysis of organs of moose from six further counties and districts in Sweden. Thesedistricts are situated in the Norrbotten county (BD), Jämtland county (Z), Västmanland county(U), Älvsborg county (P), Jönköping county (F) and Kronoberg county (G) (Figure 1).Moose, with a diet dominated by twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs (Cederlund et al. 1980),was chosen in the monitoring programme as a representative of biota in the Swedish forestareas. Since the moose is distributed almost all over the country, it was considered as an idealmaterial also for studies of spatial distribution of environmental pollution and bio-accumulation,which is the reason for the extended collection of samples in 1996 onwards.This report presents levels and time trends of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Vand Zn in liver and kidney and Hg and Se in liver and muscle from the period 1996-2000. For Grimsö data from an extended period, 1980-2000 is presented.
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| 8. |
- Greyerz, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Kvicksilver i gäddor från Norrlandskusten - en undersökning med konsumtionsperspektiv
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gädda är den art som tillsammans med abborre och i vissa fall gös kännetecknas av att ha de högsta kvicksilverhalterna bland Östersjökustens fiskar.syftet med undersökningen var att få en överskådlig bild över kvicksilversituationen i kustgädda längs Bottniska viken och om möjligt jämföra resultaten med andra delar av Östersjön.Resultaten kan också ugöra ett värdefullt underlag för framtida övervakning av kvicksilver i kustgädda.ytterligare ett syfte var att jämföra resultaten med kvicksilverhalter i annan fisk som inte omfattas av Livsmedelsverkets kostråd.Denna undersökning ger sålunda ett viktigt bidrag till det underlag som är nödvändigt för att bedöma om det är möjligt att revidera kostråden för den kustfisk som kan ha förhöjda kvicksilverhalter.
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| 9. |
- Järnberg, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Retrospektiva studier av perfluoralkylsulfonsyror i den svenska miljön - Andra och avslutande året av screeningundersökningen : Slutrapport
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Högfluorerade organiska ämnen har på senare tid uppmärksammats internationellt som potentiellt miljöstörande ämnen. Deras kemiska och biologiska persistens medför att de är mycket långlivade i miljön. Perfluoralkylsulfonsyror och perfluoralkylkarboxylsyror innefattar ett flertal isomera föreningar med mellan 4 och 12 kol i strukturen. De förekommer dels som rena ämnen i produkter, men även som delstrukturer i derivat och polymera produkter. Några ämnen, perfluorooktansyra (PFOA) och perfluoroktansulfonsyra (PFOS) har också visats innebära toxikologiska risker genom deras leverskadande och reproduktionsstörande egenskaper. Ämnena bioackumulerar och biomagnifierar och återfinns i kraftigt förhöjda koncentrationer hos toppkonsumenter som t.ex. säl och rovfågel, samt i blod från människa. Sammantaget med deras produktionsvolymer och spridda användningsområden har detta gett anledning att undersöka spridningen av dessa ämnen i den svenska urbana miljön. På grund av det mångsidiga användningsområdet av perfluoralkylsyror som derivat och i polymer form är användningen svår att kartlägga. Några användningsområden som identifierats i Sverige är ytbehandling, industriell textil- och läderbehandling, skumsläckningsmedel samt konsumentprodukter för textil och lädervård. Användningen av PFOS-baserade produkter har troligen minskat kraftigt sedan 2002 efter att den största tillverkaren 3M frivilligt dragit ned produktionen. ITM påbörjade 2001 ett undersökningsprogram på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket för att kartlägga användning och spridning av PFOS och PFOA i Sverige. Det har visat sig att PFOS finns spritt i måttliga koncentrationer i den urbana miljön, men även återfinns i låga halter i biota i prover från opåverkade miljöer. PFOA däremot kunde ej påvisas i mätbara halter i något biologiskt prov. Som en följd av dessa resultat beslutade Naturvårdsverket om en fortsatt studie av tidsutvecklingen av dessa typer av ämnen i den svenska miljön. Denna rapport beskriver resultaten av den andra delen av screeningprojektet och innefattar data på biologisk spridning för PFOS i gädda, abborre och sillgrissleägg och en tidstrend för PFOS i sillgrissleägg. Undersökningen ger ett underlag för vidare monitorering av halter av PFOS och liknande substanser i Sverige.
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| 10. |
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