| 1. |
- Berden, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Smart Construction logistics
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The growth in urban population and economic upturn is leading to higher demand for construction, repair and renovation works in cities. Houses, public utilities, retail spaces, offices and infrastructure need to adapt to cope with the increasing number of residents and visitors, urban functions and changing standards. Construction projects contribute to more attractive, sustainable and economically viable urban areas once they are finished. However, transport activities related to construction works have negative impacts on the surrounding community if not handled appropriately. It is estimated that 15 to 20 percent of heavy goods vehicles in cities are related to construction, and 30 to 40 percent of light commercial vans [1]. In the cities studied in the CIVIC project, construction-related transport was found to be one of the biggest challenges to improving sustainability. Smarter, cleaner and safer construction logistics solutions in urban areas are needed for environmental, societal and economic reasons. However, in many European cities and metropolitan areas the sense of urgency is not evident or a lack of knowledge is creating passivity. The goal of the CIVIC project is to facilitate and support efficient, sustainable and broadly endorsed transport to, from and around urban construction sites that minimises disruption in the surrounding community, improves construction productivity and optimises energy efficiency. The CIVIC project found that the impact of construction works on mobility and livability of a city was only a very limited part of the urban planning in the cities studied: Amsterdam, Vienna, Brussels, Stockholm and Gothenburg. The studied cities focused on large-scale infrastructure projects such as building motorways, railway stations and underground train systems or development projects, for example, whole new city areas. It is not only these large projects that need to be considered focusing on the impact of construction related transports. Additionally, there are many small-scale development projects in cities with a combination of different official and private actors. Contractors and developers/clients are displaying increasing interest in construction logistics since research shows that improved construction logistics can improve the productivity of a construction project by about 30 percent. Construction companies using innovative logistics concepts see less congestion around the sites and improved productivity and road safety. Thus, there is a need to align public planning coordinating construction projects with traffic planning in order to manage city infrastructure bottlenecks. The ultimate goal is coordinated planning between the public partner of construction projects and the private construction contractors and developers on the necessary measures for mobility, livability and road safety in the city. This handbook has been developed for local governments, clients, developers, contractors, or any other actor that can influence logistics planning and the setup of construction projects. It can help local governments collaborating with private partners to realise more sustainable, and safer, construction works with less inconvenience and cleaner air. In addition, it can help clients, developers and contractors to ensure smooth and efficient construction operations. Hence, sustainable construction logistics could be a future deal-breaker. The handbook first provides a description of the challenges of urban construction logistics and the governance of construction logistics. Secondly, it presents the Smart Governance Concept developed under the CIVIC project, combining different tools to improve construction logistics and its governance. This concept can be applied on two levels: the city level and the project level. On a city level, a sense of shared ownership and urgency should be created to optimise construction logistics on the project level. This is the first step of the concept. Steps 2 to 6 outline different tools and methods for the development of a solution: in step 2, a conceptual solution is required to create a common understanding of the prerequisites for the specific project and possible methods for organising logistics. Step 3 entails the different instruments, policies and guidelines that are needed for creating the formal conditions for the solution. In step 4, the specific stakeholders are involved to identify important criteria that influence the selection of the final solution. Step 5 then aims to select the final solution by providing cost calculations and traffic optimisation models. Step 6 entails the collection of data and follow-ups of KPIs. The final step 7 regards the evaluation of the different projects that feed back into the continuous development process of the optimisation of construction logistics at a city level. This final step is presented together with step 1 since these both concern the city level. The Smart Governance Concept should be part of development/construction projects from the very beginning, meaning from the planning phase.
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| 2. |
- Billger, Monica, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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An assessment method for evaluating colour rendering properties of light sources
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 28th Session of the CIE, Manchester, United Kingdom, 28 June – 4 July 2015. - 9783902842558 ; Volume 1:part 2, s. 954-963
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract We present an assessment method to evaluate how the spectral power distribution of light influences the perception of colours and small colour differences. Included in the method are several ways to measure properties of reflected light with a spectroradiometer, visual assessments of perceived colours, and a visual performance test that aims at identifying an individual minimum colour contrast visibility threshold. In a first application of the assessment method, we used a colour contrast test chart printed on paper and studied it under the illumination of three LED light sources, halogen light and daylight. We concluded that the visual performance test was effective for reviling visibility thresholds for colour contrasts and that the method has potential for understanding the influence of spectral power distribution on perceived colour and visual performance. The methodology can be useful for optimizing illumination for individual needs.
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| 3. |
- Billger, Monica, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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In search of visualization challenges: The development and implementation of visualization tools for supporting dialogue in urban planning processes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning, B: Planning and Design. - : SAGE Publications. - 0265-8135 .- 1472-3417 .- 2399-8083 .- 2399-8091. ; 44:6, s. 1012-1035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, urban planning processes involve many stakeholders and efficient dialogue tools are needed to support communication in transdisciplinary environments. The aim of our study is to identify visualization challenges in urban planning. Based on a state of the art study and a thematic analysis of 114 articles, published in 2004–2014 and found through snowball sampling, the development and implementation of digital visualization tools for dialogue are discussed. A wide range of examples of visualization tools for dialogue has been found; either based on 2D maps, 3D environments or gaming. The initiators of the development originate from different disciplines, such as geographic information (GI) science, computer graphics, 3D modelling, Virtual Reality, interaction design and urban planning. There has been an increasing amount of usability studies during recent years. There is a tendency for the usability studies to have gone from experimental and prototype studies to more and more concern real planning processes and implementation. Studies of implemented tools in real planning processes are, however, still rare. Gaming appears more and more frequently. Challenges are related to integration of qualitative and quantitative data, representation of data as regard appropriate levels of realism and detailing, as well as the user’s experience and the appearance of the digital models. There is a need to consider how we can achieve the full potential of visualization tools, including optimal effectiveness of visualization tools and processes for dialogue as well as how they can be implemented. Organizational preparedness is necessary, including clear ownership, allocation of resources for maintenance, competence and access to tools and technology.
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| 4. |
- Billger, Monica, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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URBAN MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION TOOLS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS – EXAMPLES FROM TWO LIVING-LAB PROJECTS IN GOTHENBURG.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings for The 21st LRN Annual Conference and PhD Workshop 2016 : Doing the Right Thing – Ethical Issues in Logistics and Supply Chain, 7/9- 9/9 2016, Univ of Hull, UK. ; , s. 36-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract:Purpose: Within transport projects there is a growing demand for urban modelling and advanced visualization methods. This paper reflects upon visualizations techniques used in two transdisciplinary projects studying implementation of transport solutions in Gothenburg. Involvement of many stakeholders and efficient dialogue tools were essential to support communication in the transdisciplinary environment. Sendsmart and Go:Smart projects (2012-2014) aimed at developing and testing innovative sustainable solutions for urban transportation with a focus on freight (Sendsmart) and passenger transport (Go:Smart). They were developed as an important municipal attempt to create better conditions for sustainable urban travel in the city. Research Approach: Both projects turned out to become a living laboratory for visualization implementation and engaged groups of key stakeholders from the academia, industry, city of Gothenburg, and the regional and national organizations. These practice-oriented projects were focused on development of new solutions and testing them in reality. This study presents reflections from a research-by-design process and available rich, documented material from the projects (meeting notes, workshop notes, monthly reports, films). Even if, SendSmart nor GoSmart were not part of municipal planning process, they were focused on early implementation phase of new approaches in the city transport planning. Integration of users was essential and the user perspective was the only one brought into research discourse.Findings and Originality: In both projects methods and tools were developed in forms of demo visualizations and films, simulation models - scenario development and evaluation (decision support systems: Urban Strategy combined with Visum), image supported discussions (Urbania) maps and 2D visualizations as a basis for discussion. These tools are perceived as extremely helpful to support communication in the complex environments and were very useful as an input to the workshops. However, an iterative procedure would have been needed to further let the participants’ opinions and suggestions lead to new visualized concepts. A need to simulate both in macro and micro scale was recognized. Challenges to further deal with are lack of detailed data for traffic simulation in advanced models, problems with different source data aggregation and a high demand for specifically qualified expertise in building simulation models. It is beneficial to put efforts into developing an integrated model for freight and passenger transport within transdisciplinary projects. Research Impact: This paper underlines the necessity for a critical collaborative exchange and research needs to be fostered and disseminated in order to enhance and promote the usable knowledge and application of visualization methods and technologies. Their potential in addressing critical transportation issues of today, as well as promoting innovative approaches to meet society’s transportation needs of the future often requires a discussion within a broader, multidisciplinary context of technology development in the areas of simulation and modellingPractical impact: Paper addresses the importance of using visualization for communication in transportation projects.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Habermann, Mateus, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Land Use Regression Approach to Model NO2–Concentrations in a Swedish Medium-City
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution and Protection. - : Isaac Scientific Publishing Co., Ltd.. - 2519-1055 .- 2519-1063. ; 3:3, s. 71-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to visualize the geographical distribution of air pollution concentration realistically, we applied the Land Use Regression (LUR) model in the urban area of Gothenburg, Sweden. The concentration of NO2 was obtained by 25 passive air samplers during 7-20 May, 2001. Explanatory variables were estimated by GIS in buffers ranging from 50 to 500 m-radii. Linear regression was calculated, and the most robust were attained to the multiple linear regression. Additionally, the LUR model was compared with a dispersion model. The final model explained 81.7% of the variance of NO2 concentration with presence of sum of traffic within 150 m and altitude as predictor variables. Mann-Whitney Test did not exhibit significant difference between yearly concentrations of NO2 measured by regulatory measurement sites and measurements from passive samplers, thus LUR model was extrapolated for later years and mapped. The extrapolation indicated more elevated levels of pollution for the years 2003, 2006 and 2010. The results highlight the contribution of traffic on air quality and suggest that LUR modelling may explain the variations of atmospheric pollution with good accuracy. In addition, the model puts focus on spatial and temporal variability needed to describe retrospective exposure to air pollution in studies that evaluate health effects.
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| 7. |
- Habermann, Mateus, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Land use Regression as Method to Model Air Pollution. Previous Results for Gothenburg/Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Procedia Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-7058 .- 1877-7058. ; 115, s. 21-28
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made to improve urban air quality in the EU. However, road traffic still contributesconsiderably to the deterioration of urban air quality to below standards, which requires a method to measure properly and model pollutionlevels resulting from road traffic. In order to visualize the geographical distribution of pollution concentration realistically, we applied the LandUse Regression (LUR) model to the urban area of Gothenburg.The NO2 concentration was already obtained by 25 samplers through the urban area during 7-20 May, 2001. Predictive variables such asaltitude, density, roads types, traffic and land use were estimated by geographic information system in buffers ranging 50 to 500 m-radii. Linearregression (α=5%) between NO2 and every predictive variable was calculated, and the most robust variables and without collinearity variableswere selected to the multivariate regression model. The final formula was applied using Kriging in a grid map to estimate NO2 levels.The average of measurements was 23.5 μg/m³ (± 6.8 μg/m³) and 180 predictive variables were obtained. The final model explained 59.4% ofthe variance of NO2 concentration with presence of altitude and sum of traffic within 150 m around the sampler sites as predictor variables. Thecorrelation measured versus predicted levels of NO2 was r = 0.77 (p
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| 8. |
- Löfving, Björn, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Visualization of Disability Glare Due to Veiling Luminance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 78, s. 735-740
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a simulation method to evaluate and visualize disability glare problems. Mathematical calculations of visual degradations due to optical imperfections in the eye are performed on luminance photos of scenes and the result is visualized. The method was evaluated in three indoor and outdoor cases where different visual aspects on disability glare were studied. Overall, the simulations predicted problem areas in the scenes to a large extent. The method was also applied in a light rendered 3D-model and gave indications for improvements of the light setting. Aspects on improving environmental planning by better understanding of human vision are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Stahre Wästberg, Beata, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Design considerations for virtual laboratories: A comparative study of two virtual laboratories for learning about gas solubility and colour appearance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Education and Information Technologies. - New York, NY : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1360-2357 .- 1573-7608. ; 24:3, s. 2059-2080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019, The Author(s). Building a virtual laboratory for teaching and learning is a highly complex process, incorporating diverse areas such as interaction design, visualisation, and pedagogy. This article focuses on the production and implementation issues that were found in the comparison of two different virtual laboratory projects, and discuss which design considerations can be drawn from these observations. Two web-based virtual laboratories - the Gas Laboratory and the Virtual Colour Laboratory - were developed independently of each other within two different content areas. The laboratories share considerable overlaps in goals and production circumstances. Through a comparison of production and outcome, similar problems related to design, development and implementation were observed. The research uses a mixed method approach combining quantitative pre- and post-tests for assessments, qualitative surveys, and qualitative, ethnographic observations and interviews. By comparing the background material, five design challenges for developing virtual laboratories are identified: 1) how to balance ambitions with available resources; 2) how to balance intended levels of user interaction with exploratory freedom; 3) how to find appropriate levels of realism depending on target group; 4) how to choose between mimicking real world appearance and enhanced features; and 5) how to find the best learning situation for the virtual laboratory. To meet these challenges, the following design considerations are proposed: Guide the design work with a clear understanding of purpose and context; select appropriate technology to ensure efficient design and media usage; select level of realism considering purpose and end users; and provide learning guides before and after the virtual lab session.
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| 10. |
- Stahre Wästberg, Beata, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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To Predict Reality in Virtual Environments: Exploring the reliability of colour and light appearance in 3D-models
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings for AIC/MCS 2015 Tokyo - Color and Image, Midterm Meeting of the International Colour Association (AIC) 19-22 May 2015, Ochanomizu sola city Conference Center, Tokyo, Japan. ; , s. 1301-1306
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To predict how the not yet built environment is going to appear regarding light and colour is a crucial problem for architects and designers. 3D-visualization is an established design tool and used for representations of project proposals. In many cases, the aim with the visualizations is to make good-looking images sell the design. In order for software, such as 3Dsmax to become a usable planning tool of light and colour in buildings, the visualization must be trusted to show the correct appearance in accordance with the physical preconditions of reality. The complex interaction between light and objects makes the problem of lighting scenes central within computer graphics. In a previous study (2006, 2005, 2004), various problems related to the rendering of light and colour in interactive models made in 3Dsmax. Since then, the technology within colour rendering and computer graphics has moved forward. This paper discusses the problems of translating reality to its digital counterpart. New tests were performed in 3Dsmax in order to explore the usability of various rendering techniques and to explore the trustworthiness of colour and light representations. We deal with methodological issues concerning how to compare visual results between different media, mixed adaptation and arbitrary parameter setting in the software. In the earlier studies carried out 10 years ago, a 25 m2 real room was compared to different Virtual Reality (VR) simulations. In order to get a simulation as correct as possible of the 6 fluorescent luminaires (2 ceiling armatures and 4 wall washers) the manufacturer Fagerhult’s own IES-files were used. At that time, this photometric light could only be rendered with the default Scanline renderer in 3Dsmax, which resulted in significant differences between the real and the virtual rooms. The VR-models had incorrect reflection effects between surfaces, too few colour variations and too achromatic shadows. Also they had incorrectly reproduced contrast effects for the lightest surfaces. The surface that was perceived as the whitest in the room appeared too grey. In our new study, the original models in 3Dsmax Design 2014 were rendered with the Scanline renderer, Mental Ray and V-ray. The light planning software Dialux was used for comparison regarding the light level and distribution. Preliminary results show improvement regarding interreflections and colour variations. However, there are still incorrectly reproduced contrast effects and the whitest areas appear too grey. The light level also differed compared to the situation in Dialux, even if the same light fixtures and IES-files where applied. Furthermore, we will discuss issues concerning the choice of correct parameters to represent the physical prerequisites of reality, such as the problem of deciding how many times a light should bounce. One dilemma is that the architects and designers have knowledge of colour and light in reality, however do not usually know how to use all features in the software. The professional visualizers know how to manipulate 3D-models to look good, but often do not regard physical correctness.
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