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- Aniansson Zdolsek, Helena, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Expression of the T–cell markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 in healthy and atopic Children during the first 18 months of life
- 1999
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In: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1018-2438 .- 1423-0097. ; 119:1, s. 6-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: There is little information available about the development of T–cell immunity in healthy and atopic children. We have studied prospectively the mean fluorescence intensity of the T–cell receptor complex–associated CD3, CD4 and CD8 in relation to atopic family history (AFH) and the development of atopic disease.Methods: Children with a defined AFH (n = 172) were followed from birth to 18 months and the cumulative history of atopic disease was recorded. Blood samples were obtained at birth and at 18 months, and in a subgroup of 78 children also at 3, 6 and 12 months. Multicolour flow cytometry was used to analyse pan T–cells (CD3+CD45+CD14–), T–helper–(CD3+CD4+) and T–cytotoxic–(CD3+CD8+) cells.Results: At 18 months, 31 children were atopic and 118 non–atopic. Children who developed atopic disease had a higher CD4 expression (mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) on CD4+CD3+ lymphocytes at birth and at 3 months, particularly as compared with non–atopic children without AFH. Furthermore, the CD3 expression on CD3+CD45+CD14– lymphocytes increased more slowly with age in children with double atopic heredity, as compared with children with no or only one atopic family member.Conclusions: The higher expression of the CD4 receptor in early infancy in children who developed atopic disease compared with non–atopics suggests a delayed expression in T–helper cells. Children with a strong AFH had a slower increase in the expression of CD3, indicating a delayed T–cell maturation.
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| 2. |
- Björkstén, Bengt
(author)
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The intrauterine and postnatal environments
- 1999
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 104:6, s. 1119-1127
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Pregnancy is associated with a strong skewing toward T(H)2 cytokine pattern, which enables the survival of the fetus, including fetal allergen-specific immune responses, The postnatal maturation of the immune system which is characterized by the development of a balanced T(H)1/T(H)2 immunity is genetically determined and modified by the environment. The process seems to proceed at a slower rate in atopic than in nonatopic infants. There is a close immunologic interaction between the mother and her offspring through the breast milk. Individual variations in the composition of human milk may el,plain the controversy with regard to the possible allergy-preventive effects of breast-feeding. Recurrent respiratory infections have been suggested to enhance immune deviation. The microbial flora are a more likely source, however, because they are a major driving force in the maturation of the immune system. Changes in its composition, as a consequence of an altered lifestyle and diet, may play a role in the higher prevalence of allergy. So far, primary prevention of allergy has failed. Future studies should therefore focus on factors enhancing immune deviation (ie, "success" factors) rather than on "risk" factors. The intestinal microflora is one of these factors that deserves closer analysis.
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| 3. |
- Borres, Magnus P., et al.
(author)
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Nasal metachromatic cells in infancy in relation to the appearance of atopic disease during the first 6 years of life
- 1997
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In: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Wiley InterScience. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 52:7, s. 770-774
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The relationship between the appearance of nasal metachromatic cells (basophils and mast cells) during the first 18 months of life and the development of respiratory and other allergic diseases up to 6 years of age was studied prospectively in 67 children. Follow-up was done at 3, 6, 9, and 18 months and 6 years. Of the 31 children who had detectable metachromatic cells in the nasal mucosa during infancy, 18 had atopic manifestations at 6 years (58%), two were probably atopic (6%), and 11 (36%) were nonatopic. The corresponding numbers for the 33 children without detectable metachromatic cells during infancy were 10 atopic (30%), two probably atopic (6%), and 21 nonatopic (64%) at 6 years (P<0.05). Children having detectable nasal metachromatic cells at every examination were more often allergic than children with no detectable cells at any time during the 6-year follow-up period (P<0.05). In contrast, nasal metachromatic cells were equally commonly demonstrated at 6 years in children with and without current atopic manifestations. We conclude that metachromatic cells appear at an earlier age in the nasal mucosa of atopic than nonatopic infants. The observation further supports the existence of a primary immunologic abnormality in atopic patients as related to allergic inflammatory responses. The diagnostic efficacy of this marker was too low, however, to be clinically useful as a predictor of allergy.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Fagerås Böttcher, Malin, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Cytokines in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers
- 1999
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In: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1018-2438 .- 1423-0097. ; 118:2-4, s. 319-320
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sorry, there is no abstract. Read the first few lines of the text instead!The allergy–preventing effect of breast–feeding is controversial [1, 2]. This may be due to individual variations of the composition of human milk. Allergy is associated with a bias to production of cytokines involved in IgE synthesis, e.g. IL–4 and IL–13 [3] and the eosinophil chemotactic [4] and survival [5] factor IL–5. In contrast, IFN–=γ, which inhibits IgE synthesis [6], is downregulated [7]. Cytokines involved in IgA production, IL–6, IL–10 and TGF–β [8, 9] have also been proposed to be involved in IgE synthesis [10, 11, 12].
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| 6. |
- Jenmalm, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Exposure to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life is associated with increased levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin to 8 years
- 1998
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 102, s. 671-678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Exposure to allergens early in life influences the development of allergen-specific immune responses. In animal models, the development of tolerance to proteins delivered to the gastrointestinal and the respiratory mucosa is influenced by age and genetic background. Late introduction of cow's milk in infants is associated with slower increase and lower peak IgG antibody responses to milk during early childhood, but the long-term effects have not been investigated, nor is the relation to atopic disease later in life clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin in relation to early exposure to cow's milk, atopic heredity, and the development of atopic disease. METHODS: IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin were analyzed by ELISA at birth, at 6 and 18 months, and at 8 years in 96 children followed prospectively. RESULTS: The levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin peaked in early childhood and then declined up to 8 years of age. Exposure to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life was associated with high IgG subclass antibody levels to beta-lactoglobulin up to 8 years, particularly in children with maternal atopy. Children with atopic symptoms and sensitivity to allergens often had high levels of IgG4 antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin at 8 years of age, even if they were not exposed to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life. Furthermore, atopic dermatitis was associated with high levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: IgG subclass antibody levels to milk peak during early infancy, with particularly high levels in children with atopic dermatitis, and decline thereafter. Exposure to cow's milk during early infancy has long-lasting effects on the humoral antigen-specific responses, indicating less effective tolerance-inducing mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa during the first months of life.
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