| 1. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Litteraturöversikt Skadehändelser relaterade till busstrafik : Buss-OLA - en trafiksäker bussfärd
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this literature review was to describe the pattern of injuries and fatalities related to bus traffic. Furthermore, the aim was to identify possible future measurements for improvement of passive safety in buses. Bus crashes were presented in international literature virtually in as many ways as there were articles on the topic. Hence, the authors used the term bus incidents, in order to cover all types of injuries related to bus traffic. In this review only M2 and M3 buses, i.e. buses over 3.5 tonnes were included. In the vast majority of OECD countries, less than 1 % of the vehicle fleet was constituted of buses. Bus passenger's average person kilometres represented 10 % of the total road vehicle person kilometres annually.The number of fatalities and injured in bus incidents have been stable recent years in EU. The fatality risk is ten times lower for bus passengers compared with car occupants. Of all traffic fatalities, bus fatalities represented 0.3-0.5 %. The most frequent injury localisations from all types of bus crashes were lower limb (35 %), upper limb (33 %) and head/face (28 %). Rollovers occurred in almost all cases of severe crashes. Projection, total ejection, partial ejection, intrusion and smoke inhalation were the main injury mechanism. Three major injury groups in severe bus crashes were thoracic injuries, massive injuries and pelvic fractures.Heavy wind seemed to be capable of affecting the bus dynamics, particularly on highly built buses (e.g. as high as 4.3 meters). Unprotected road users were hit by buses in about 1/3 of all cases in Sweden. Side impact was most common for local buses (38 %). Boarding and alighting were contributing to injuries in about 1/3 of all cases. If the coach has more than one section it seems that the upper section is more exposed to risk for injuries than the lower section.Safety belts can improve the passive safety in buses. The 2-point belt prevents passenger ejection but in frontal crashes the jack knife effect could cause head and thoracic injuries. However, the 3- point belt provides the best restraint in rollovers and frontal crashes, as it keeps the passenger remained seated.
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| 2. |
- Albertsson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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The Haddon matrix, a tool for investigating severe bus and coach crashes
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1503-1438 .- 1755-4713 .- 1651-3037. ; 1:2, s. 109-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of the study was to use the Haddon matrix to analyse crash and injury mechanisms in a severe coach crash, to investigate if a safety belt would have reduced injuries, and highlight the triage problem in a mass casualty situation during severe circumstances. Methods: A specific coach crash was chosen as the subject for the case study. All 34 occupants on board were interviewed about the crash, their injuries, and how they sustained their injuries. Medical records concerning ambulance and hospital treatment have been examined. Police reports and other documents concerning the vehicle, weather conditions and the road have been examined. The materials were structured in different cells according to Haddon's matrix. Results: The coach went off a road via a guard-rail and landed on the right side, in a 90° position right across a small river. The main reason for the coach to deviate from the road was strong and gusty side winds imposing lateral forces on the coach, making steering impossible. The impact from the crash was greatest in the front part of the coach, as this part fell 3 metres from the bridge guard-rail down to the river bank. The most frequent injury mechanism was that occupants were hit by other falling occupants. Most occupants would have benefited from having worn seat belts. Ten ambulances and one helicopter from different locations were called upon and the first ambulance arrived 30 minutes after the alarm (a 67-km drive). The helicopter, with an anaesthetist on board, arrived after 1 hour and 20 minutes (a 120-km flight). Nine occupants with moderate injuries and 10 seriously or severely injured occupants were transported by ambulance or helicopter to the hospital. Fifteen occupants, triaged as priority 3, were transported by a chartered coach to hospital where they arrived after about 3 hours. Conclusion: If 100% of the occupants had used a two-point belt, about two-thirds of the injured occupants with MAIS 2+ injuries would have sustained an injury reduction. A further injury reduction by roughly 20% could have been achieved by shifting from two-point belts to three-point belts. Triage of injured occupants could be different from normal practice because of the limited space inside a coach, and the use of ordinary equipment is not always possible inside a crashed vehicle. The fact that most of the side windows remained in position after the crash probably prevented many occupants from serious and fatal injuries caused by ejection or partial ejection.
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| 3. |
- Backman, Kaj, et al.
(författare)
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Protocol from the coach crash in Ängelsberg, Sweden, January 2003
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1503-1438 .- 1755-4713 .- 1651-3037. ; 2:3, s. 93-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The crash took place on Friday, 24 January 2003. Due to technical problems, a train was cancelled in Ludvika, a village in central Sweden. A replacement coach was to transport the passengers 115 km to Vsters, via the same route. In darkness, at 4.23 pm, i.e. during working hours, the coach went off the road on a left-hand curve. The driver reduced the speed to 49 km/h before the curve, but lost control of the coach, which skidded off the road, down a high road bank and landed on its right side. The coach's structural damage was mainly located on the right side. Of the 49 occupants, 11 were partially or totally ejected, and 6 were fatally injured. Forty occupants had injuries classified as ISS 1-15, three as ISS 16-30 and six as ISS 41-75. All those in the last group sustained fatal injuries.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Teenager injury panorama in northern Sweden.
- 2001
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Ingår i: International journal of circumpolar health. - 1239-9736. ; 60:3, s. 380-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To study non-fatal unintentional injuries among teenagers and to suggest preventive measures. SETTING: The emergency care unit of the University Hospital, Umea, Sweden. METHODS: All injured teenagers (N = 1044) attending the emergency care unit during 1991 were asked to answer a questionnaire focusing on when, where and how the injury occurred. All available medical records were examined. Data were coded according to the Nordic Medico-Statistical Committees Classification for Accident Monitoring, NOMESCO, and to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, AIS. RESULTS: 1,043 teenagers were treated with sports and transportation related injuries as the most common ones. Most injuries were minor (AIS 1), transportation related injuries had the highest proportion of non-minor injuries (AIS > or = 2), 139 teenagers were admitted for in-patient care. Most injuries occurred during leisure/school time. CONCLUSIONS: Sports and transportation related injuries were most frequent. Body weight and length differs among teenagers, we suggest that teenagers should exercise and play together, not only by age, but also to some extent, to height and weight. Curfew laws, a compulsory bicycle helmet law are other injury reducing measures suggested.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lindquist, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Real world crash investigations : a new approach
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Crashworthiness. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1358-8265 .- 1754-2111. ; 8:4, s. 375-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Lindqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Are suicides by jumping off bridges preventable? An analysis of 50 cases from Sweden.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Accident; analysis and prevention. - 0001-4575. ; 36:4, s. 691-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is a community-based sequential case series of 50 individuals who committed suicide by jumping from bridges in two regions of Sweden. Of the 50 subjects, 32 were men and 18 women, with a median age of 35 years. At least 40 had psychiatric problems. The frequency of suicide was highest during the summer months and during the weekends. A total of 27 bridges were used, with a total length of just under 9 km. Three bridges accounted for almost half of all suicides. Limiting the availability of one method of committing suicide is reported to reduce the overall suicide rate; why suicide and injury suicide preventive measures might be considered. Since this study demonstrates that few bridges attract suicide candidates, this injury mechanism needs to be acknowledged by the road system owners and included in the safety work.
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| 10. |
- Lindström, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Survey of personal injuries caused by dogs and cats in Umeå. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to injury
- 2002
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 99:7, s. 656-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Injuries due to interaction with dogs and cats are not uncommon, and constituted 1.4% of all injuries in an unselected policlinical and inpatient material. This material was collected from a population of 135,000 people in Northern Sweden, and during 2 years 280 patients with injuries related to these domestic animals were found (Ndogs = 212, Ncats = 68). The injuries were in most cases caused by bites and by falls. The former were more common among men, the latter more common among women and related to fractures and dislocations. In contrast to many previous investigations, bite injuries were more common among adults than among children, possibly related to national differences in the keeping of dogs. Most dog related injuries were caused by the owner's dog. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to personal injury. The cost for inpatient cases (treated at the University Hospital, Umea) caused by dogs and cats is of the same magnitude as the cost due to motorcycling in traffic, but less than the cost for injuries sustained during horseback riding and other horse related activities, for soccer, snowmobiling and for assaults.
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