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- Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of three antifouling agents on algal communities and algal reproduction: Mixture toxicity studies with TBT, Irgarol, and Sea-Nine
- 2006
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Ingår i: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 50:3, s. 335-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The toxicity of three antifoulants (Sea-Nine, Irgarol, and TBT) was determined individually and in mixtures in two tests with microalgae. Effects on periphyton community photosynthesis and reproduction of the unicellular green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus were investigated. The tested antifoulants were highly toxic in both tests. Observed mixture toxicities were compared with predictions derived from two concepts: Independent Action (IA), assumed to be more relevant for the tested mixtures that were composed of dissimilarly acting substances, and Concentration Addition (CA), regarded as a reasonable worst-case approach in predictive mixture hazard assessment. Despite the corresponding mechanistic basis, IA failed to provide accurate predictions of the observed mixture toxicities. Results show the same pattern in both assays. Mixture effects at high concentrations were slightly overestimated and effects at low concentrations were slightly underestimated. Maximum observed deviations between observed and IA-predicted concentrations amount to a factor of 4. The suggested worst-case approach using CA was protective only in effect regions above 20%. Nevertheless, the application of any concept that accounts for possible mixture effects is more realistic than the present chemical-by-chemical assessment
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- Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Marine Paint Optimisation: settling assays with marine periphyton communities and sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
- 2008
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Ingår i: The 14th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, July 27-31, 2008, Kobe, Japan.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the Marine Paint Optimisation project the major groups of fouling organisms will be studied. From each group of organisms one model organism was selected and used in settling assays to assess the efficacy of a number of individual antifoulants. A tentative list of existing and promising compounds include medetomidine, tolylfluanide, copper pyrithione, Sea-Nine, Irgarol, copper, Borocide, and Econea. Based on the produced data we will predict the joint effects of almost all possible combinations in terms of efficacy. The optimisation will be based both on high efficacy and low environmental risk. We will present and summarise the results from two settling assays with marine biofilms (microfouling) and the zoospores of the macroalga sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca). The microfoulers are important parts of the fouling community with a high number of different species and individuals which form the basis for all subsequent settlers. In this periphyton assay a multispecies microbial biofilm established in the field on Plexi glas (PMMA) are used to prepare an inoculum using a scrape, shake and sieve technique. Using this approach we include a large set of the potential species in the microbial fouling community. Ulva lactuca belongs to the most common family of fouling macroalgae. Thalli of Ulva lactuca were sampled in the field in September 2007, cultivated in the laboratory until further testing of the zoospores. Both assays are semistatic and run over three days and include both settling and growth. Efficacy data for a number of antifouling agents will be presented. This study is part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA.
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| 10. |
- Backhaus, Thomas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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On the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures
- 2008
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Ingår i: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. - Heidelberg : Springer. - 3540746633
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of pharmaceuticals in the environment as an area of research has only just taken off in recent years. Since the first edition was printed, many research articles on this subject have been published. It is exceedingly difficult for the individual, in particular those not acquainted with the field to establish trends and developments. Even specialists will appreciate this book, as it provides the reader with a well-founded up dated and enlarged overview that addresses the latest findings on the new topics in research. Following the resounding success of the first two editions, this new edition has been brought up to date and greatly extended. It includes the status of research, paying particular attention to sources and contamination of the environment, substance flows, effects, risk assessment and risk management. In line with the newest developments worldwide there are again contributions from well known and new international authors. This volume also caters for the new requirements confronting European and American researchers since publication of the second edition.
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