| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Vandaele, Ann Carine, et al.
(författare)
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Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H2O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer. - 1476-4687 .- 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 568:7753, s. 521-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Global dust storms on Mars are rare1,2 but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere3, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust3. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, with potential implications for the atmospheric photochemistry and climate on Mars4. Recent observations of the water vapour abundance in the Martian atmosphere during dust storm conditions revealed a high-altitude increase in atmospheric water vapour that was more pronounced at high northern latitudes5,6, as well as a decrease in the water column at low latitudes7,8. Here we present concurrent, high-resolution measurements of dust, water and semiheavy water (HDO) at the onset of a global dust storm, obtained by the NOMAD and ACS instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. We report the vertical distribution of the HDO/H2O ratio (D/H) from the planetary boundary layer up to an altitude of 80 kilometres. Our findings suggest that before the onset of the dust storm, HDO abundances were reduced to levels below detectability at altitudes above 40 kilometres. This decrease in HDO coincided with the presence of water-ice clouds. During the storm, an increase in the abundance of H2O and HDO was observed at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometres. We propose that these increased abundances may be the result of warmer temperatures during the dust storm causing stronger atmospheric circulation and preventing ice cloud formation, which may confine water vapour to lower altitudes through gravitational fall and subsequent sublimation of ice crystals3. The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere.
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| 5. |
- Bojan, Alicja J., 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Three-dimensional bone-implant movements in trochanteric hip fractures. Precision and accuracy of radiostereometric analysis in a phantom model.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. - : Wiley. - 1554-527X. ; 33:5, s. 705-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accuracy and precision of RSA was evaluated in the experimental study of screw cut-out complication after fixation of trochanteric fractures. A plastic bone model of a two-part trochanteric fracture was constructed with a Gamma nail implant incorporating RSA markers. The femoral head fragment was attached to a separate rotational table and the femoral shaft was mounted on the micrometer. Three main motions were simulated: femoral head translation and rotation along the axis of the lag screw and fracture fragment translation along anatomical axes. Accuracy and precision were determined according to ISO 16087 and ASTM standard F2385-04. Translations along the lag screw axis were measured with a precision within±0.14mm and an accuracy within±0.03mm. With simultaneous translations along all three anatomical axes, lowest precision was measured for the x-axis (±0.29mm, 0.07mm respectively), but improved when analyzed as a vector (±0.08mm, 0.03mm). The precision and accuracy of femoral head rotations were within 0.5° and 0.18°, respectively. The resolution of the RSA method tested in this model was high, though it varied depending on the type of analyzed motion. This information is valuable when selecting and interpreting outcome parameters evaluating implant migration and osteosynthesis stability in future clinical RSA studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Bojan, Alicja J., 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Trochanteric fracture-implant motion during healing - A radiostereometry (RSA) study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-1383. ; 49:3, s. 673-679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cut-out complication remains a major unsolved problem in the treatment of trochanteric hip fractures. A better understanding of the three-dimensional fracture-implant motions is needed to enable further development of clinical strategies and countermeasures. The aim of this clinical study was to characterise and quantify three-dimensional motions between the implant and the bone and between the lag screw and nail of the Gamma nail. Radiostereometry Analysis (RSA) analysis was applied in 20 patients with trochanteric hip fractures treated with an intramedullary nail. The following three-dimensional motions were measured postoperatively, at 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months: translations of the tip of the lag screw in the femoral head, motions of the lag screw in the nail, femoral head motions relative to the nail and nail movements in the femoral shaft. Cranial migration of the tip of the lag screw dominated over the other two translation components in the femoral head. In all fractures the lag screw slid laterally in the nail and the femoral head moved both laterally and inferiorly towards the nail. All femoral heads translated posteriorly relative to the nail, and rotations occurred in both directions with median values close to zero. The nail tended to retrovert in the femoral shaft. Adverse fracture-implant motions were detected in stable trochanteric hip fractures treated with intramedullary nails with high resolution. Therefore, RSA method can be used to evaluate new implant designs and clinical strategies, which aim to reduce cut-out complications. Future RSA studies should aim at more unstable fractures as these are more likely to fail with cut-out. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Brandt Knutsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Femoral fracture classification in the Swedish Fracture Register - A validity study
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2474. ; 20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 The Author(s). Background: A total of more than 270,000 fractures are registered in the Swedish Fracture Register (SFR), a national quality register. Fractures are classified following the AO/OTA classification, commonly by a junior doctor. As a step in the process of validating the data in the SFR, several studies of the accuracy of the fracture classification have already been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of femoral fracture classification in the SFR. Methods: One hundred and eighteen femur fractures were randomly selected from the SFR. Three experienced orthopaedic surgeons individually classified these fractures on two separate occasions and a gold standard classification was established. This classification was compared with the original classification in the SFR. Inter- and intraobserver agreement was calculated. Results: The agreement between the classification in the SFR and the gold standard classification was kappa = 0.65 for the AO/OTA group and kappa = 0.83 for the AO/OTA type. This corresponds to substantial and almost perfect agreement, according to Landis and Koch. The kappa values for interobserver agreement ranged from 0.64-0.76 for the AO/OTA group and 0.76-0.85 for the AO/OTA type. The kappa values for intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.79-0.81 for the AO/OTA group and 0.91-0.93 for the AO/OTA type. Conclusions: The classification of femoral fractures in the Swedish Fracture Register is substantial (AO/OTA group) to almost perfect (AO/OTA type) and as accurate as in previous studies. The present study also shows that the agreement between the SFR classification and a gold standard classification is in the same range of agreement as between experienced raters. In contrast to previous studies, the classifications in the SFR are made by an unselected group of mostly inexperienced classifiers. The results indicate that the fracture classification in a national quality register can be accurate enough to permit the evaluation of fracture treatment in specific groups of fractures.
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| 8. |
- Poelzl, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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Repetitive use of levosimendan in advanced heart failure : need for stronger evidence in a field in dire need of a useful therapy
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 243, s. 389-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients in the latest stages of heart failure are severely compromised, with poor quality of life and frequent hospitalizations. Heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device implantation are viable options only for a minority, and intermittent or continuous infusions of positive inotropes may be needed as a bridge therapy or as a symptomatic approach. In these settings, levosimendan has potential advantages over conventional inotropes (catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors), such as sustained effects after initial infusion, synergy with beta-blockers, and no increase in oxygen consumption. Levosimendan has been suggested as a treatment that reduces re-hospitalization and improves quality of life. However, previous clinical studies of intermittent infusions of levosimendan were not powered to show statistical significance on key outcome parameters. A panel of 45 expert clinicians from 12 European countries met in Rome on November 24-25, 2016 to review the literature and envision an appropriately designed clinical trial addressing these needs. In the earlier FIGHT trial (daily subcutaneous injection of liraglutide in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction) a composite Global Rank Score was used as primary end-point where death, re-hospitalization, and change in N-terminalprohormone-brain natriuretic peptide level were considered in a hierarchical order. In the present study, we tested the same end-point post hoc in the PERSIST and LEVOREP trials on oral and repeated i.v. levosimendan, respectively, and demonstrated superiority of levosimendan treatment vs placebo. The use of the same composite end-point in a properly powered study on repetitive levosimendan in advanced heart failure is strongly advocated.
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| 9. |
- Porat, G., et al.
(författare)
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Phase-matched extreme-ultraviolet frequency-comb generation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ultrafast Optics XII. - 1996-756X .- 0277-786X. - 9781510635128 ; 11370, s. 94-95
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser radiation is commonly produced via high-harmonic generation (HHG) in gases. The lasers that drive this process typically operate at low pulse repetition rates (<100 kHz). Under these operating conditions, the plasma generated by each laser pulse clears the generation volume before the next pulse arrives. Therefore, each laser pulse interacts with fresh plasma-free gas, where phase-matching facilitates efficient HHG. However, applications requiring high counting statistics or frequency-comb precision make high repetition rates (>10 MHz) necessary. Unfortunately, at high repetition rates, plasma accumulates in the XUV generation region and prevents phase-matching, resulting in low HHG efficiency. We use high-temperature gas mixtures to increase the gas translational velocity, thus reduce plasma accumulation and facilitate phase-matching. We experimentally achieve phase-matched HHG at a repetition rate of 77 MHz, generating record power of ~2 mW at 97 nm and ~0.9 mW at 67 nm.
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| 10. |
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