| 1. |
- de Kluizenaar, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Annoyance and disturbed sleep due to road traffic noise: The importance of the least exposed side - QSIDE
- 2013
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Ingår i: The 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering Inter-Noise 2013, 15-18 September, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: In urban areas, road traffic noise is a dominant source of environmental noise and a major cause of noise annoyance and disturbed sleep. It has been hypothesized that respondents highly exposed to noise at multiple sides of their dwelling, may be expected to be worse off than respondents with the same exposure at the most exposed side, but also having a quiet side to their dwelling. Previous studies provide support for this hypothesis, however to date only a limited number of studies have investigated this hypothesis. There is a need for strengthening existing evidence, and for further quantification of the effects. Methods: Within the EU project QSIDE, the effect of the least exposed facade on annoyance and sleep response is studied in different EU cities in Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands, including Gothenburg, Stockholm, Antwerp, Gent and Amsterdam. Results: In this paper we discuss the general picture arising from the outcome of these studies. We discuss what the implications may be for new situations (urban planning) and existing high exposure situations (noise abatement measures). Conclusion: The noise environment may be improved by taking into account the exposure levels, and promoting quietness, at the least exposed façade.
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| 2. |
- Forssén, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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A model of sound scattering by atmospheric turbulence for use in noise mapping calculations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Acoustica united with Acustica. - : S. Hirzel Verlag. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 100:5, s. 810-815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sound scattering due to atmospheric turbulence limits the noise reduction in shielded areas. An engineering model is presented, aimed to predict the scattered level for general noise mapping purposes including sound propagation between urban canyons. Energy based single scattering for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence following the Kolmogorov model is assumed as a starting point and a saturation based on the von Kármán model is used as a first-order multiple scattering approximation. For a single shielding obstacle the scattering model is used to calculate a large dataset as function of the effective height of the shielding obstacle and its distances to source and receiver. A parameterisation of the dataset is used when calculating the influence of single or double canyons, including standardised air attenuation rates as well as façade absorption and Fresnel weighting of the multiple façade reflections. Assuming a single point source, an aver aging over three receiver positions and that each ground reflection causes energy doubling, the final engineering model is formulated as a scattered level for a shielding building without canyon plus a correction term for the effect of a single or a double canyon, assuming a flat rooftop of the shielding building. Input parameters are, in addition to geometry and sound frequency, the strengths of velocity and temperature turbulence.
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| 3. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Toolbox from the EC FP7 HOSANNA project for the reduction of road and rail traffic noise in the outdoor environment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris, France. ; , s. 10-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers a brief overview of innovative methods for road and rail traffic noise reduction between sourceand receiver. These include using new barrier designs, planting of trees, treatments of ground and road surfacesand greening of building façades and roofs using natural materials, like vegetation, soil and other substrates incombination with recycled materials and artificial elements. The abatements are assessed in terms of numericallypredicted sound level reductions, perceptual effects and cost–benefit analysis. Useful reductions of noise fromurban roads and tramways are predicted for 1-m-high urban noise barriers and these are increased by addinginter-lane barriers. A 3 m wide 0.3 m high lattice ground treatment, a carefully planted 15-m-wide tree belt andreplacing 50 m of paved areas by grassland are predicted to give similar reductions. Tree belts are shown to bevery cost-effective and combining tall barriers with a row of trees reduces the negative impact of wind. Greenroofs may significantly reduce the noise at the quiet side of buildings.
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| 4. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Åtgärder i utomhusmiljön för att minska buller från väg- och tågtrafik – resultat från EU-projektet HOSANNA
- 2013
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Ingår i: LjudBladet, Svenska akustiska sällskapet. - 1403-2317. ; 3, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna artikel ger en kort översikt av bulleråtgärder, resulterande från EU-projektet HOSANNA, för minskning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik under ljudets utbredning. Dessa verktyg inkluderar användning av ny skärmdesign, plantering av träd, förbättringar av mark- och vägytor samt vegetation på byggnadsfasader och tak, med hjälp av naturmaterial, såsom vegetation, jord och andra substrat i kombination med återvunnet material och artificiella element. De akustiska insättningsdämpningarna bedöms genom numeriska beräkningar, perceptuella effekter och kostnadsnyttoanalys. En betydande minskning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik förutsägs för ett 1-m-högt urbant bullerskydd. Detta kan förbättras, upp till ca 10 dB insättningsdämpning, genom att placera ytterligare skydd mellan körfälten. Ett 3 m brett och 0,3 m högt rutnät, ett omsorgsfullt planterat 15 m brett trädbälte samt att ersätta 50 meter asfalterad mark med gräsmark förutspås ge bullerminskningar om 5–8 dB, medan användning av fasadvegetation och gröna tak kan minska nivån på innergårdar med upp till ca 4 respektive 7 dB. Trädbälten visar sig vara mycket kostnadseffektiva och kombinationer av höga skärmar med en rad av träd minskar de negativa effekterna av vind på bullerskärmars insättningsdämpning. Gröna tak kan minska bullret på den tysta sidan av byggnader.
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| 5. |
- Hornikx, Maarten, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of scattering of sound from trees by the PSTD method
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forum Acusticum, Aalborg, Denmark. ; , s. 6-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an urban environment with multiple building façade reflections, scattering from trees will increase the diffusivity of the sound field and can lead to a reduction of the noise level. Here, the possibility to incorporate scattering objects as the trunk and branches of trees in the framework of an urban propagation model, the Fourier pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method, has been investigated. Two different modelling approaches are studied, with either a different density of the scattering objects or with the acoustic normal velocity components at the scattering boundaries and all acoustic components inside the scattering volumes equal to zero. The first PSTD scattering approach shows to work best, although some underestimation of levels is shown. The accuracy of modelling scattering from trees by using a coarser mesh is investigated.
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| 6. |
- Hornikx, Maarten, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Urban background noise mapping : The multiple-reflection correction term
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Acoustica united with Acustica. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 100:2, s. 293-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mapping of road traffic noise in urban areas according to standardized engineering calculation methods systematically results in an underestimation of noise levels at areas shielded from direct exposure to noise, such as inner yards. In most engineering methods, road traffic lanes are represented by point sources and noise levels are computed utilizing point-to-point propagation paths. For a better prediction of noise levels in shielded urban areas, an extension of engineering methods by an attenuation term Acan has been proposed, including multiple reflections of the urban environment both in the source and in the receiver area.The present work has two main contributions for the ease of computing Acan. Firstly, it is shown by numerical calculations that Acan may be divided into independent source and receiver environment terms, As and Ar. Based on an equivalent free field analogy, the distance dependence of these terms may moreover be expressed analytically. Secondly, an analytical expression is proposed to compute As and Ar for 3D configurations from using 2D configurations only. The expression includes dependence of the street width-to-height ratio, the difference in building heights and the percentage of facade openings in the horizontal plane. For the expression to be valid, the source should be separated from the receiver environment by at least four times the street width.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Mats E., et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual effects of noise mitigation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Methods for Transport Noise Reduction. - : CRC Press. - 9780415675239 ; , s. 195-219
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Noise mitigation reduces the audibility of a noise source at the location of the receiver, making the source less annoying and less likely to interfere with activities, such as sleep, rest, and speech. Many mitigation methods change temporal and spectral properties of noise, which may influence perceived annoyance, over and above the effect related to the overall reduction in A-weighted sound pressure level. Noise reduction also may increase the noticeability of other sources, which may influence the perception of the overall acoustic environment. Finally, well-designed noise mitigation solutions may improve the visual environment, e.g., a vegetated noise barrier or earth berm can visually shield the traffic and increase the amount of visible greenery. This chapter provides examples of such perceptual effects of noise mitigation, from effects on perception of the noise itself, via effects on the soundscape, to potential effects on the overall audio-visual environment.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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NOVEL SOLUTIONS FOR QUIETER AND GREENER CITIES
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This brochure summarizes the main findings of the research project “HOlistic and Sustainable Abatement of Noise by optimized combinations of Natural and Artificial means” (HOSANNA). The project aimed to develop a toolbox for reducing road and rail traffic noise in outdoor environments by the optimal use of vegetation, soil, other natural materials and recycled materials in combination with artificial elements.
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| 9. |
- Torija, Antonia J., et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between road and railway noise annoyance and overall indoor sound exposure
- 2011
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 16:1, s. 15-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data from a realistic experiment conducted using recorded traffic sounds, the relationship between indicators of magnitude, spectrum, and temporal evolution of the sonic environment and the reported annoyance are analyzed. The exposure is characterized by the binaurally recorded overall indoor sound. It is found that a series of parameters derived from multiple linear models related to the temporal and spectral structure of the sound pressure level produces better models than the overall indoor A-weighted equivalent noise level. The descriptors thus complement this indicator, at least when exposure is based on overall indoor sound. Principle components amongst the exposure indicators studied relate to the detectability of the sound indoors and to the typical temporal difference between road and rail traffic. Linear models based on these indicators also outperform models based on source related façade.
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| 10. |
- Van Renterghem, Timothy, et al.
(författare)
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Improving the accuracy of engineering models at shielded building facades: experimental analysis of turbulence scattering
- 2013
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Ingår i: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life, INTER-NOISE 2013; Innsbruck; Austria; 15 September 2013 through 18 September 2013. - 9781632662675 ; , s. 5-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Noise mapping models are able to accurately predict directly exposed facade levels near busy roads on condition that sufficiently detailed traffic data is available. At the non-directly exposed side of the building, however, common practice application of standard methods strongly underpredicts sound pressure levels, potentially leading to an incorrect assessment of noise annoyance and sleep disturbance. The concept of background noise mapping was proposed before, which has the important advantage that it can increase the accuracy of existing noise maps at a limited computational cost. In this study, long-term meteorological and noise data showed that turbulence scattering contributes significantly to the noise level at shielded facades, already at sound frequencies below 1 kHz. Periods with strong atmospheric turbulence are dominant for long-term equivalent noise levels as typically used in strategic noise maps. A comparison between predictions and measurements show that rather high turbulence strengths should be used when producing noise maps.
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