| 1. |
- Norefalk, Christian
(författare)
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What the Right to Eduation Is, and What It Ought to Be : Towards a Social Ontology of Eduction as a Human Right
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the second half of the 20th century education has been recognized as a human right in several international conventions, and the UN also holds that “Education shall be free” and that “Elementary education shall be compulsory” (UN, 1948, Article 26).The education-as-a-human right-project could be viewed as a good intention of global inclusion in recognizing that all individuals have a right to education in virtue of being humans, and the idea of education as a human right thus has a tremendous global significance. However, if we look at this more critically, the education-as-a-human right-project, may not only be grounded in altruistic good intensions for the disadvantaged. The term “elementary education”, or sometimes “primary education”, which is used in several human rights-documents seems to suggest that it is some sort of formalized education. It would be useful however to make a distinction between formal and informal education, as well as between teaching, learning, education and schooling, in the discussion of the right to education and specifically in the discussion concerning education as a “human right”. There is obviously a difference between the right to teach, the right to learn, the right to education and the right to schooling. And how are these rights related to compulsory schooling, compulsory education and the supposed duty to teach and duty to learn? A further concern is what makes this a human right rather than for example a juridical right as a citizen.By addressing these questions within a theoretical framework of social ontology and ameliorative conceptual analysis I believe that we can find new ways of dealing with fundamental problems within philosophy of education such as the nature, purpose and aims of education as well as the right to education.
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| 2. |
- Brandstedt, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Rawlsian Constructivism : A Practical Guide to Reflective Equilibrium
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethics. - : Springer. - 1382-4554 .- 1572-8609. ; 24:3, s. 355-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many normative theorists want to contribute to making the world a better place. In recent years, it has been suggested that to realise this ambition one must start with an adequate description of real-life practices. To determine what should be done, however, one must also fundamentally criticise existing moral beliefs. The method of reflective equilibrium offers a way of doing both. Yet, its practical usefulness has been doubted and it has been largely ignored in the recent practical turn of normative theorising. This paper offers a complementary methodology to the method of reflective equilibrium, referred to as Rawlsian constructivism, which brings forth its practical merits. With the support of Rawlsian constructivism, the method of reflective equilibrium becomes a tool for public reasoning about practical problems which aims to facilitate shared solutions. The process of reflective scrutiny is used, not in the search of moral truth, but rather to highlight what stands in the way of solutions to problems agents face in different domains of social life. The practical value lies in scrutinising reasons for action that are taken for granted, explicating new rationales for action and highlighting neglected points of agreement. The paper exemplifies this approach with a process of justifying individual obligations to combat climate change. Normative theorists who share the practical agenda have correctly noted the importance of bottom-up investigations of subject domains. This paper argues that the next step should be to utilise this version of the method of reflective equilibrium to explore the potential for morally progressive solutions to these problems.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Brännmark, Johan
(författare)
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Means Paternalism and the Problem of Indeterminacy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Moral Philosophy and Politics. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 2194-5616 .- 2194-5624. ; 10:1, s. 47-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many contemporary defenders of paternalist interventions favor a version of paternalism focused on how people often choose the wrong means given their own ends. This idea is typically justified by empirical results in psychology and behavioral economics. To the extent that paternalist interventions can then target the promotion of goals that can be said to be our own, such interventions are prima facie less problematic. One version of this argument starts from the idea that it is meaningful to ascribe to us preferences that we would have if were fully rational, informed and in control over our actions. It is argued here, however, that the very body of empirical results that means paternalists typically rely on also undermines this idea as a robust enough notion. A more modest approach to paternalist interventions, on which such policies are understood as enmeshed with welfare-state policies promoting certain primary goods, is then proposed instead.
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| 5. |
- Brännmark, Johan
(författare)
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Oombedda hälsoråd
- 2020
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Ingår i: Vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet. - Lund : Media-tryck. - 9789198357592 ; , s. 27-36
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Brännmark, Johan
(författare)
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Patriarchy as Institutional
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Ontology. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 2196-9655 .- 2196-9663. ; 7:2, s. 233-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In considering patriarchy as potentially institutional and as a characteristic also of contemporary Western societies, a fundamental issue concerns how to make sense of largely informal institutions to begin with. Traditional accounts of institutions have often focused on formalized ones. It is argued here, however, that the principal idea behind one commonly accepted conception of institutions can be developed in a way that better facilitates an explication of informal institutions. When applied to the phenomenon of patriarchy, such an approach can then also allow us to ontologically make sense of gray areas and hierarchies of authority, as well as the intersectionality of social positions.
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| 7. |
- Brännmark, Johan
(författare)
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Social positions and institutional privilege as matters of justice
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Political Theory. - : Sage Publications. - 1474-8851 .- 1741-2730. ; 20:3, s. 510-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Liberal political theory is often understood as being underpinned by an individualistic social ontology, and it is sometimes objected that this type of ontology makes it difficult to address injustices that involve social groups and informal forms of privilege. It is argued here that, to the extent that liberals do fail to properly address such structural injustices, the main problem can instead be understood to lie with a rules-centric understanding of institutions – one which is actually out of line with a proper ontological individualism. If institutions are instead understood as distributions of right and duties, held by individuals, it becomes much more straightforward to identify institutional privilege in terms of inequalities in those distributions. The relevant rights and duties can be explicated in terms of informal Hohfeldian incidents and it is argued that patterned distributions of such incidents can come to exist, and be maintained, through how we develop a largely intuitive sense of where our interpersonal boundaries run and form social expectations about which kinds of behaviour will typically receive pushback in some form.
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| 8. |
- Brännmark, Johan
(författare)
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Three sources of social indeterminacy
- 2024
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Ingår i: Philosophical Studies. - 0031-8116 .- 1573-0883. ; 181:1, s. 65-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social ontologists commonly think that our ideas about social entities, and about other people also inhabiting the social realm, play an important role in making those entities into what they are. At the same time, we know that our ideas are often indeterminate in character, which presumably would mean that this indeterminacy should carry over to the social realm. And yet social indeterminacy is a neglected topic in social ontology. It is argued that this neglect can be traced to how a particular approach that favors ahistorical reconstructions in making sense of social entities has come to dominate social ontology. If we think beyond the parameters set by this approach, however, we can see that recognizing indeterminacy as a pervasive phenomenon in the social realm might open up new interpretative possibilities in relation to different social categories. This argument is at least partly in line with recent calls for a move towards nonideal social ontology.
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| 9. |
- Gunnarsson, Viktor
(författare)
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Binaural Modeling for High-Fidelity Spatial Audio
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The enjoyment of reproduced sound and music is a prime pleasure for many, and the high-fidelity reproduction of binaural audio is integral to many applications in augmented and virtual reality. This thesis introduces a framework for binaural headphone auralization of sound systems, together with an in-depth analysis and proposed solutions to address sources of coloration within the signal chain.The framework includes a novel method for binaural auralization of microphone array impulse responses. Employing a hybrid parametric approach, it utilizes causal multichannel Wiener filtering to synthesize the directional response of the ear, as described by head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), using the microphone array and a model of its acoustic properties. A time-domain polynomial matrix framework is employed for filter computations and direct and reflected sound is treated separately. Results demonstrate a small perceptual difference to reference measured binaural room impulse responses. Additionally, the thesis addresses the impact of binaural measurement uncertainty and proposes a new measurement technique for HRTFs and headphone transfer functions (HpTFs). The method is based on a cardioid microphone array for open ear canal measurements. Results indicate that the method significantly reduces measurement uncertainty compared to omnidirectional measurements in the ear canal. Moreover, a phase pre-processing method for HRTFs is introduced that reduces spatial phase variability of the HRTF set at high frequencies while retaining correct interaural coherence for diffuse sound. It is demonstrated that the HRTF phase pre-processing greatly reduces spectral coloration in headphone simulation of amplitude panning on virtual speakers. The method also improves performance in binaural rendering of microphone array recordings. Finally, the thesis presents a comprehensive model for addressing coloration at the ear-signal level inherent in amplitude panning on speaker arrays. The analysis focuses on pairwise panning on symmetrical speaker setups and monaural correction filters are proposed that are robust to head movements around the sweet spot. The proposed filters are found to mitigate the phantom source elevation effect in stereophonic panning and enhance the perceived spectral similarity between discrete and panned sound sources, with effectiveness contingent on the speaker setup geometry.
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